Exam 1: Cells & Organelles

Question 1

Cells are the ___ living unit

Answer 1

Smallest

Question 2

How many cells does the body have?

Answer 2

35 trillion

Question 3

Cells are typically _____.

Answer 3

Specialized; have specific tasks to perform

Question 4

What does a group of cells that are like-minded create?

Answer 4

Tissues
Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Body

Question 5

T/F Most cells do NOT replicate

Answer 5

False

Question 6

If a cell cannot replicate, what will replicate for them in a different part of the body?

Answer 6

Progenitor cells
Ex: RBC cannot replicate; they are produced in the bone marrow

Question 7

How much water is in the inside of cells and what is the compartment called?

Answer 7

70-85% of cells are water (by weight); the water is in the cytoplasm and that is where chemical reactions take place to form specialized tasks and keeps the cells alive

Question 8

How do we keep things inside and outside of the cell?

Answer 8

Cell membrane/phospholipid bilayer; Hydrophilic/Charged heads and hydrophobic tails that are fatty

Hydrophobic = NO charge. Hydrophilic means = can have + or - charge

If something has a charge it can be dissolved in water. Remember that hydrophobic means not water dissolving.

Question 9

What does the nucleus do?

Answer 9

The nucleus houses the cell’s DNA and protects it from viruses and bacteria with a double phospholipid bilayer membrane.

Question 10

What allows things in and out of the nucleus?

Answer 10

Pores

Question 11

Why do steroids need to get into the nucleus?

Answer 11

They affect transcription and need a way to turn on/off stress response proteins

Question 12

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 12

Extension of the nuclear wall

Question 13

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

Answer 13

Produces fats and lipids, stores things like calcium (specifically in the muscle cells)

Question 14

Where does transcription occur?

Answer 14

In the nucleus

Question 15

Where does translation occur?

Answer 15

Ribosomes

Question 16

Where are proteins formed?

Answer 16

Rough ER; specifically the ribosomes

Question 17

Where does lipid formation occur?

Answer 17

Smooth ER

Question 18

What does the golgi apparatus do?

Answer 18

Post-translational processing; modifies proteins and folds them differently; gets rid of certain parts and throws them away

Question 19

When proteins are active and ready to be used, how are they transported around the inside of cell?

Answer 19

Via transport vesicles

Question 20

T/F Vesicles from the golgi are NOT modified.

Answer 20

False; Vesicles from the ROUGH ER are not modified while vesicles from the GOLGI are modified

Question 21

How do cells transport things outside of the cell?

Answer 21

Via secretory vesicles; they will fuse within the cell wall and dump any contents needed outside of the cell

Question 22

Describe the process of transcription/translation.

Answer 22

DNA is transcribed in the nucleus to become RNA. The RNA is allowed outside of the nucleus and makes contact with ribosomes in the cytoplasm to be TRANSLATED into proteins and linking amino acids together.

Question 23

What percentage of RNA is translated in the rough ER?

Answer 23

95%

Question 24

What percentage of RNA is translated in the cytosol?

Answer 24

5%

Question 25

What are sugars used for?

Answer 25

Energy, help with structural function, and identification

Question 26

What do cells use to move around?

Answer 26

Flagella

Question 27

What small projections from the cell help move things surrounding the cell?

Answer 27

Cillia

Question 28

What does the mitochondria do?

Answer 28

Produces ATP from energy compounds and O2

Question 29

What is the job of the lysosome?

Answer 29

Lysosomes use the acidic internal environment to degrade things such as dysfunctional proteins

Question 30

What is the role of peroxisomes?

Answer 30

Perioxisomes destroy things that need to be broken down and are better known for processing toxins within the cells; lots are found in the liver and they use oxidative stress to destroy things

Question 31

What organelle(s) have 12-20 sets of our mother’s DNA?

Answer 31

Mitochondria

Question 32

What organelle helps us in crime scenes?

Answer 32

Mitochondria

Question 33

As you place more sugars on a protein what happens?

Answer 33

The less functional it will be.