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A&P > Exam 1: Proteins/Transport/Diffusion > Flashcards

Exam 1: Proteins/Transport/Diffusion Flashcards

1
Q

What is used as the main gateway to get things into/out of the cell?

A

Proteins

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2
Q

How do gasses pass into the cell?

A

Simple diffusion

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3
Q

When O2 goes into a cell what happens?

A

The body takes the oxygen and via another system (Kreb’s cycle) CO2 is produced as a byproduct and leaves the cell without any problem

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4
Q

Are gases water or lipid-soluble?

A

Lipid soluble; this is why it makes it so easy for them to pass over cell membranes

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5
Q

How do we transport electrolytes across a cell membrane?

A

Via opening channels

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6
Q

Why do electrolytes need extra help getting across a cell membrane?

A

Because they are charged molecules

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7
Q

What is the downfall of using channels to transport electrolytes across the cell wall?

A

Water can sneak its way into the cell and cause the cell to swell if too much water is allowed through

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8
Q

How does water get in/out of the cell?

A

Via water specific channels called aquaporins (AQP) and leaking in through electrolyte channels.

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9
Q

How does the body regulate the amount of water that can come into and out of cells?

A

By regulating the amount of AQPs

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10
Q

If something doesn’t require proteins to transport across the cell membrane, what type of transport is this?

A

Simple diffusion

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11
Q

When you want to get a compound across the cell quickly or in a place they don’t naturally go, what is needed to accomplish this task?

A

Energy

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12
Q

T/F Using energy slows down the rate at which things go across the cell

A

False; energy makes things transport against a gradient much faster

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13
Q

Explain the Sodium/Potassium Pump

A

An enzyme metabolizes ATP and ribs a phosphate group off to give ADP, which gives the cell energy. The energy is liberated and helps to move 3 sodium outside of the cell and 2 potassium inside of the cell. It takes 1 molecule of ATP to move 5 ions across a membrane into areas they do not want to go into.

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14
Q

T/F All excitable cells will have a Na/K/ATP pump

A

True

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15
Q

What is the single most energy-requiring process in the body?

A

Neurons sending action potentials and messages to the body

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16
Q

Why is the Na/K/ATP pump considered primary active transport?

A

Because it uses ATP directly and metabolizes it directly

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17
Q

Explain the calcium channel and how calcium goes into/out of the cell.

A

We want to keep calcium concentrations low inside of the cell so sometimes we must push calcium outside of the cell to prevent the cell from turning itself on. (When calcium inside of the cell is low, it is turned off). We have specific pumps to take calcium and put it in a place where it does not want to go which is outside of the cell. This also requires ATP and thus is an example of primary active transport.

18
Q

What are 3 examples of primary active transport?

A
  1. Sodium potassium pump
  2. Calcium pump
  3. Acid proton pump (stomach cells secreting acid)
19
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

Secondary active transport is transport that requries energy but does not require ATP directly

20
Q

What are 2 examples of secondary active transport?

A
  1. Sodium Calcium Exchanger (NCX)
  2. Sodium Glucose Pumps (SGLT)
21
Q

When do we use the sodium calcium exchanger?

A

When the Calcium/ATPase pumps is not working efficiently; when there is too much calcium inside of the cells and we want to get it out faster

22
Q

How does the sodium calcium exchanger work?

A

Sodium and calcium are exchanged for one another. 1 calcium will be moved to the outside of the cell in exchange for 3 sodium molecules coming into the cell. This relies on an electrochemical gradient for sodium since sodium wants to come into the cell so badly.
The exchanger will take energy that is generated from the 3 sodium entering and harness it to function like a turnstile and push calcium out of the cell

23
Q

Does the sodium-calcium exchanger burn ATP directly?

A

No. It relies on another process to burn the ATP.

24
Q

Name a place where you would want to remove calcium quickly from the cells.

A

In the muscles

25
Q

Where is the sodium/glucose pump found?

A

Kidneys

26
Q

How does the sodium/glucose (SGLT) pump work?

A

1 or 2 sodium will come into the cell alongside glucose. Glucose is needed in the cell faster and thus enters with sodium. By coupling the two together, speeds up the movement and helps the kidney so that glucose isn’t dumped into the urine.

27
Q

What is an example of facilitated diffusion?

A

Glucose transport across the cell with the GLUT transporter

28
Q

How does glucose move into the cell via GLUT?

A

Glucose binds to the receptor and there is a conformational change that allows the glucose to be brought into the cells and released from the receptor. Since this process does not require energy, it is thought of as facilitated diffusion. There is still something needed to help get the glucose into the cell but no energy is required.

29
Q

How is the bulk of glucose transported into the cell?

A

Via GLUT transporters

30
Q

T/F GLUT-4 is insulin dependent?

A

True

31
Q

What is the most widely known GLUT transporter?

A

GLUT-4

31
Q

What occurs when there is more insulin present?

A

When more insulin is present, there are more GLUT receptors moved to the cell wall to transport more glucose across the cell wall to get the cell energy ASAP

32
Q

How many ions are involved with the Na/K pump?

A

5 ions in total are going in opposite directions

33
Q

Where does sodium come from that is used in the Na/K pump?

A

Extra sodium comes from the secondary transport processes like the sodium calcium exchangerW

34
Q

What is Vmax in relation to facilitated diffusion?

A

Vmax is the max speed where conformational changes can occur; this is the amount where the cell is transporting as fast as it can and it can’t do anything more but add more receptors into the cell wall to help with transporting

Once you hit Vmax, you can’t do it any faster

35
Q

T/F Simple diffusion has a Vmax

A

False; there is not a Vmax with simple diffusion because you are not relying on a conformational change with the receptor

36
Q

Name examples of things that will increase/decrease the diffusion rate?

A
  1. Concentration of ions inside vs. outside of the cell
  2. Membrane solubility
  3. Size of particles
  4. Size of pores
  5. Number of pores for travel
  6. Kinetic movement
  7. Physical pressure
  8. Electrical charge
  9. Chemical gradient
  10. Membrane permeability
37
Q

Which direction does water want to move?

A

Down its concentration gradient

38
Q

What does it mean when you move “down” and “up” a concentration gradient?

A

Down = moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration
Up = moving from an area of low concentration to high concentration

39
Q

Explain what happens when you have a U-shaped test tube with a semipermeable membrane and you have pure water on one side with solutes on the other side.

A

Water will move across the membrane and into the area with a lower concentration of water, which is the area with the higher concentration of solutes. Remember, water wants to move to areas of low concentration; the solutes are causing water to be in a state of “lower” concentration because they are essentially diluting the water

40
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

The physical pressure required to prevent osmosis from occurring through a semipermeable membrane

41
Q

Will water continue moving across a semipermeable membrane until the concentrations are equal?

A

In a perfect world, yes. However, water will stop moving at the point where the osmotic pressure is created and does not allow the water to flow freely anymore.

A&P (15 decks)

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