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A&P > Exam 1: Cell Membrane > Flashcards

Exam 1: Cell Membrane Flashcards

1
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Glycoproteins are proteins which may or may not have a sugar attached

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2
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

Sugars attached to phospholipids in the cell wall

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3
Q

What is a glycocalyx?

A

The sum of all of the external sugar structures that the body uses for immune system function

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4
Q

What 7 things are found in the cell membrane?

A
  1. Phospholipids
  2. Glycolipids
  3. Cholesterol - stuck in cell wall and can be used later when needed
  4. Precursor molecules - kept in cell wall b/c they might be lipids and needed later
  5. Proteins
  6. Glycoproteins
  7. Glycocalyx
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5
Q

What happens if you go overboard with cholesterol?

A

Cholesterol can make the cell become rigid and blood vessels will be less likely to stretch

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6
Q

Explain what composes a phospholipid.

A

Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head (charged) and a hydrophobic tail (not charged). The head is attached to a phosphate, glycerol, and then two fatty acid tails.

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7
Q

Where are fats found in the cell?

A

Inside the cell membrane; Fats are noncharged compounds and DO NOT DO WELL IN THE WATER

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8
Q

What makes up the bulk of the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipid fatty tails

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9
Q

What ions form the tails?

A

Carbons and Hydrogens

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10
Q

Why do we use cholesterol in foods?

A

When at low temperatures, cholesterol can be used to help improve the texture of food and increase membrane fluidity.

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11
Q

What fatty compound is a corticosteroid precursor?

A

Cholesterol

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12
Q

How much cholesterol is produced by the body vs taken in by diet?

A

80% is produced in the body (endogenous) while 20% is taken in by diet (exogenous)

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13
Q

Which drug helps decrease cholesterol?

A

Statins

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14
Q

What hormones can cholesterol be turned into?

A
  1. Estradiol
  2. Testosterone
  3. Progesterone
  4. Aldosterone
  5. Cortisol
  6. Androstenedione
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15
Q

What two main sex hormones are produced from cholesterol?

A
  1. Estradiol
  2. Testosterone
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16
Q

What is androtenedione?

A

Precursor to testosterone

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17
Q

Are cholesterol metabolites specific to one receptor?

A

No. Since they all look similar to each other, the receptors also look similar and some cross-reactivity will occur

18
Q

What glands go through cholesterol?

A

Adrenal glands; source of cortisol and aldosterone

19
Q

How does cholesterol become other compounds?

A

Enzymes make changes from cholesterol to get the end product. If a cell is missing a particular enzyme, it will not get to the end product. This occurs near the cell wall because enzymes are close to the cell wall

20
Q

What are specialized phospholipids in the cell wall?

A

Phospholipids that have something added to the top of the polar head

21
Q

Why are the specialized phospholipids important?

A

Most play a role in the assembly of surfactant in the lungs to help with normal lung functioning

22
Q

What is PI (phosphatidylinositol) used for?

A

Important with smooth muscle to help regulate contraction with IP3

23
Q

What is phosphatidylcholine (PCh) used for?

A

Choline is attached which is a storage molecule for signal transduction. This can be helpful later on when assembling acetylcholine.

24
Q

What is important to know about phosphatidylserine?

A

Serine is an immune marker that is on the inside of the cell wall when the cell is HEALTHY. If the cell is UNHEALTHY, the serine will be found on the outside of the cell wall and it will warn the immune system that the cell needs to be destroyed. We prefer to keep these on the inside of the cell wall and if any are on the outside, flippase (enzyme) is used to go and flip the serine from the outside to the inside. However, moving the serine requires energy and if an unhealthy cell does not have enough energy, this isn’t able to occur. This becomes a problem when cells are marked for death when they shouldn’t be.

25
Q

What is sphingomyelin?

A

Fatty compound used to help construct myelin from the nervous system

26
Q

What 3 things can arachidonic acid metabolize into?

A
  1. Prostaglandins/TXA
  2. Leukotrienes
  3. EET/HETEs
27
Q

T/F Arachidonic acid is composed of only saturated fats?

A

False. Arachidonic acid is comprised of both saturated and unsaturated areas

28
Q

Which two enzymes are the most important when arachidonic acid is forming prostaglandins and TXA?

A

COX 1/2

29
Q

What is Cox 1 specific for?

A

Cox 1 is more specific to TXA. It has less of a pain control profile and can cause bleeding problems

30
Q

What happens when you reduce the amount of activity of COX1/2?

A

The amount of prostaglandins produced is decreased

31
Q

Why do we inhibit cox1/2 with drugs?

A

To help inhibit pain

32
Q

What causes arachidonic acid to be turned into PGE2 vs PGI2 vs PGF?

A

Specialized enzymes help direct arachidonic acid into different pathways to produce different prostaglandins

33
Q

Where is Cox 1 found?

A

Cox 1 is present throughout the entire body and lots of tissues produce prostaglandins and TXA

34
Q

Where is Cox 2 found?

A

Cox 2 is mostly turned on when things become painful or harmful to us; usually occurs when something bad is happening.

35
Q

The more specific a drug, the more ___ it will be.

A

Helpful

36
Q

What is Cox 2 invovled with?

A

Involved with keeping the kidneys healthy and helping the heart to correct ischemic areas

37
Q

What is Vioxx? Why was it a problem?

A

Vioxx is a cox 2 specific drug that was given to older people to help with arthritis. This was great and beneficial until the patients began having CV problems

38
Q

Which drug is the strongest/most specific for Cox 2?

A

Naproxen

39
Q

Which drug can cause problems with Cox 1?

A

Aspirin; Aspirin blocks Cox 1 which can cause bleeding problems by shutting down TXA which helps to stop bleeding

40
Q

Why are leukotrienes important?

A

They help with immune response. When there is an immune mediated inflammation, the lungs can swell and mucus glands can become nasty. Leukotrienes will bind to the cell receptor and block the ligand from binding and causing inflammation

41
Q

Which enzymes drive the conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes?

A

Lipoxygenase

42
Q

Why are EET/HETEs important?

A

They are important mediators for bad disease processes such as ARF

A&P (15 decks)

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