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Exam 2 (Neuro) Flashcards

1
Q

Where is Broca Area and what is it responsible for? Where is Wernicke’s Area and what is it responsible for?

A
  • Broca = speech production and located in the frontal lobe
  • Wernicke = language comprehension and located in the the temporal lobe
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2
Q

What is the Parietal Lobe respoinsible for?

A

tactile sensation: touch, pain, temp, shapes, and two point discrimination

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3
Q

What is the Occipital Lobe responsible for?

A

influences the ability to read with understanding and visual images

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4
Q

What is the Temporal lobe responsible for?

A

receive and process auditory info from the ears, enables us to hear, understand and interpret sounds

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5
Q

What is the Cerebrum responsible for?

A

connects the left and right hemispheres - bridges the communications

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6
Q

What is the Cerebellum responsible for?

A

Coordination and smooth voluntary movements, equilibrium, and muscle tone

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7
Q

What is the brain steam responsible for?

A

controls and regulates respiratory function, HR, and BP

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8
Q

What does the brain stem consists of?

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla

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9
Q

What is the Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla responsible for?

A
  • Midbrain: relay center for ear/eye reflexes and impulses between higher cerebral centers and lower pons, medulla, cerebellum, spinal cord
  • Pons: various reflex actions
  • Medulla: contains nuclei for CN and has centers that control/regulate respiration, HR, and BP
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10
Q

What is the function of the Spinal Cord?

A

conducts sensory impulses up to the brain, motor impulses down to neurons that stimulates glands/muscles and is responsible for simple reflex activity

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11
Q

Spinothalamic tract = sensations of … (3)

A

pain, temp, and crude/light touch

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12
Q

Posterior Column = sensations of … (3)

A

position, vibration, and fine touch

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13
Q

What are the two descending neural pathways? Describe them.

A
  • Pyramidal (corticospinal) tract: impulses carried to muscles and produce voluntary movements that involve skill and purpose
  • Extrapyramidal tract: conduct impulses to muscles related to maintenance of muscle tone and body control
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14
Q

What is the function of CN 1?

A

carries smell impulse from nasal mucosa to the brainn

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15
Q

What is the function of CN 2?

A

carries visual impulses from eye to the brain

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16
Q

What if the function of CN 3?

A

eye muscle control eye movements and elevates eyelids

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17
Q

What is the function of CN 4?

A

contracts one eye muscle to control inferomedial eye movement

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18
Q

What is the function of CN 5?

A

carries sensory impulses of pain, touch, and temp from the face to the brain; influences clenching and lateral jaw movements

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19
Q

What is the function of CN 6?

A

controls lateral eye movements

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20
Q

Which CN are performed together?

A

1) CN 3, 4, 6
2) CN 9 & 10

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21
Q

What is the function of CN 7?

A
  • contains sensory fibers for taste of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
  • stimulates secretions from salivary gland and tears from the lacrimal glands
  • affects facial expressions
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22
Q

What is the function of CN 8?

A

contains sensory fibers for hearing and balance

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23
Q

What is the function of CN 9?

A
  • contains sensory fibers for taste of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
  • sensory fibers of pharynx that result in gag reflex
  • provide secretory fibers to parotid salivary glands
  • promotes swallowing movements
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24
Q

What is the function of CN 10?

A
  • promotes swallowing, talking, and production of digestive juices
  • carries sensations from throat, larynx, heart, lungs, bronchi, GI tract, and abdominal viscera
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25
Q

What is the function of CN 11?

A
  • innervates neck muscle that promote movement of shoulders and head rotation
  • promotes some movements of larynx
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26
Q

What is the function of CN 12?

A

innervates tongue muscles that promote movement of food and talking

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27
Q

inability to smell or identify correct scent = what clinical manifestation?

A

olfactory tract lesion or tumor/lesion of the frontal lobe

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28
Q

What is Papilledema?

A

swelling of the optic nerve

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29
Q

Paralytic strabismus = paralysis of the … (3)

A

oculomotor, trochlear, or abducens nerves

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30
Q

Nystagmus = what clinical manifestation?

A

cerebellar disorders

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31
Q

Bell’s Palsy = peripheral injury to what CN?

A

CN VII (facial)

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32
Q

Soft palate doesn’t rise = bilateral lesions of what CN?

A

CN X (vagus)

33
Q

Absent gag reflex, dysphagia, and hoarseness = lesions to which CN?

A

CN IX and X (glossopharyngeal and vagus)

34
Q

Atrophy with fasciculations = what clinical manifestation and associated with what CN?

A
  • peripheral nerve disease
  • CN XI (accessory)
35
Q

Fasciculations and atrophy of the tongue = what clinical manifestation and is associated with what CN?

A
  • peripheral nerve disease
  • CN XII (hypoglossal)
36
Q

What is a seizure? What are some conditions that may have seizures?

A

sudden, uncontrolled burst of electrical activity in the brain that causes temporary changes in behavior, movement, or consciousness
- epilepsy, metabolic disorders, head injuries, high fevers

37
Q

Define Paresthesia. What conditions are associated with this?

A

loss of sensation, tingling, prickling, or burning
- damage to brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves

38
Q

Define Tinnitus. What conditions are associated with this?

A

ringing in the ears
- CN VIII

39
Q

Define Dysarthria. What conditions are associated with this?

A

difficulty forming words
- injury to cerebral cortex

40
Q

Define Dysphasia. What conditions are associated with this?

A

difficulty comprehending and expressing thoughts
- injury to the cerebral cortex

41
Q

Define Aphasia. What conditions are associated with this?

A

difficulty producing or understanding language
- motor lesions in dominant cerebral hemisphere

42
Q

Define Fasciculations. What condition is associated with this?

A

continuous, rapid twitching of resting muscles
- lower motor neuron disease

43
Q

Define tremors. What condition is associated with this?

A

Degenerative neurologic disorders (ex. Parkinsons Disease)

44
Q

Define Myoclonus. What condition is associated with this?

A

sudden jerks of arms or legs
- grand mal seizures

45
Q

Loss of bowel control or urinary retention and bladder distention = what kind of injury?

A

spinal cord injury or tumors

46
Q

What is Remote Memory? Inability to have remote memory is associated with what condition?

A

recalling past events, such as recalling birthday or first job
- cerebral cortex disorder

47
Q

Describe what meningitis is? What assessment do you do if this is suspected?

A

inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord
- Brudzinski and Kernig

48
Q

What is Encephalitis?

A

inflammation of the brain tissue, which can be caused by infections and sometimes by the body’s immune system (autoimmune)

49
Q

Describe how cigarette smoking relate to CVA.

A

smoking causes damage to the blood vessels, leading to the development of plaque (aka atherosclerosis) which narrows the bv and increases the likelihood of a blood clot and a blood clot blocks the flow of blood to the brain, leading to stroke

50
Q

Describe how Nicotine affects the brain.

A

nicotine constricts the bv, which decrease blood flow to the brain

51
Q

What are the 5 areas of a complete neurologic examination?

A
  • mental status
  • cranial nerves
  • motor and cerebellar systems
  • sensory system
  • reflexes
52
Q

What are the 5 assessment points of a “neck check”?

A

1) LOC
2) Pupillary checks
3) Movement and strength of extremities
4) Sensation in extremities
5) Vital Signs

53
Q

How would you document a normal reflex?

54
Q

How would you document a brisk relfex?

55
Q

How would you document a very brisk reflex?

56
Q

Paralytic Strabismus is the paralysis of what cranial nerves?

A

CN 3, 4, 6

57
Q

Which CN is for clenching teeth?

A

trigeminal (CN V)

58
Q

What is Bell Palsy?

A

inability to close eyes, wrinkle forehead, or raise eyebrows along with paralysis of the lower part of the face

59
Q

What test would you perform for a CN IX?

A

gag reflux

60
Q

What assessment would you do for CN XII?

A

test the strength and mobility of the tongue
- ask the patient to stick their tongue out and move it around

61
Q

What is Anterior Cord Syndrome?

A

loss of motor function, pain, and temp

62
Q

What is Posterior Cord Syndrome?

A

loss of proprioception

63
Q

What is Brown-Sequard Syndrome?

A

loss of strength, proprioception, pain, and temp

64
Q

What is Tandem Walking?

A

walking heel to toe in a straight line

65
Q

What is Proprioception?

A

the sense of your body’s position and movement in space

66
Q

What is Dyskinesia?

A

refers to involuntary, uncontrolled movements that can affect various parts of the body

67
Q

What is Spastic Hemisparesis?

A

a condition characterized by weakness and stiffness (spasticity) on one side of the body

68
Q

What is Analgesia?

A

absence of pain sensation

69
Q

Describe how to assess vibratory sensation

A

strike a tuning fork and place in areas
- heel of hand
- forefinger tip
- medial malleous
- tip of the greater toe

70
Q

Describe the assessment for sensitivity to position.

A

ask client to close both eyes and hold the client’s finger and move it up/down, left/right

71
Q

Describe how to assess for point localization

A

briefly touch the client and ask the client to identify the points touched

72
Q

Describe how to assess Graphesthesia

A

use a blunt instrument to write a number on the client’s palm

73
Q

What are the normal findings for the 2-point discrimination? (5)

A
  • Fingertips: 2-5 mm
  • Forearm: 40 mm
  • Dorsal of hands: 20-30 mm
  • Back: 40 mm
  • Thighs: 70 mm
74
Q

Where are the locations for deep tendon reflexes?

A
  • biceps
  • brachioradialis
  • triceps
  • patellar
  • achilles
75
Q

What is Cerebellar Ataxia?

A

wide-based, staggering, unsteady gait

76
Q

What is decorticate posturing?

A

looks like how a person lays in a casket

77
Q

What is Decerebrate posturing?

A

arms are extended at sides with the hands in fist and flexed, arms pronated

Health Assessment (14 decks)

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