Exam 2 (Abdomen) Flashcards
Abdomen study guide + prepu questions
Function of Liver
an accessory digestion organ
- stores glucose
- makes plasma proteins, clotting factors, urea synthesis, cholesterol, bile
- destruction of RBC
- stores iron and vitamins
- detoxification
Function of Pancreas
an endocrine gland and accessory organ of digestion
Function of Spleen
filter the blood of cellular debris, digest microorganisms, and return the breakdown products to the liver
Function of Kidneys
- filtration
- elimination
- BP control
- water, salt, and electrolytes balances
- secretes hormones (ex. EPO)
Function of Gallbladder
concentrate and store the bile needed to digest food
What is Blumberg Sign?
rebound tenderness at McBurnry point (RLQ)
What is Rovsing Sign?
referred rebound tenderness – palpate in LLQ and pain felt at RLQ
What is Psoas Sign?
Pain felt when patient is laying on left side and right leg is hyperextended (leg is straight on move it backwards)
What is Obturator?
RLQ pain when patient is laying supine and right leg is flexed and moves knee towards and away from chest (internally and externally)
What is Fluid Wave test?
test for ascites (significant swelling indicating fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity)
Function of the Small Intestine
digestion and absorption of nutrients through millions of mucosal projections lining its walls
Function of the Large Intestine
secrete large amounts of alkaline mucus to lubricate the intestine, neutralize acids formed by the intestinal bacteria, and absorbs water
What is Pyelonephrititis?
kidney infection
What conditions are associated with dull, aching pain?
- appendicitis
- IBS
- pancreatic
What conditions are associated with burning, gnawing pain?
- GERD
- Peptic Ulcer disease
- Appendicitis
What condition is associated with pressure pain?
- benign prostatic hypertrophy
- prostate cancer
- prostatitis
- urinary retention
What condition is associated with Colicky pain?
colon cancer
What conditions are associated with sharp, knife-like pain?
- splenic abscess, rupture
- renal colic, tumor
- ureteral colic
- vascular liver tumor
What condition is associated with variable pain?
stomach cancer
What factors are known to increase gastric secretion and acidity and cause or aggravate indigestion?
alcohol, medications, stress (some foods and drinks as well)
What can cause N/V?
dehydration, poor nutrition, stroke, migraines, tumor-related headaches, etc
What is Emesis?
vomiting
What is Hematemesis?
vomiting blood
What is esophageal varices?
dilated veins in the esophagus
Why would an Older Adult have decreased appetite?
- altered metabolism d/t age
- decreased taste sensations
- decreased mobility
- possibly depression
What are some Older Adults considerations regarding bowel elimination?
- at risk for complications with diarrhea such as fluid volume deficit, dehydration, electrolyte and acid-base imbalances d/t having higher fat to lean ratio
What is viral hepatitis? How can it spread?
- inflammation of the liver caused by infection with of the hepatitis viruses (A, B, C, D, or E)
- spread via contaminated food, water, or sexual contact
T/F: prior abdominal surgeries or trauma may cause increased risk for future complications or disorders
true
Which medications may adversely affect the GI tract?
- aspirin, ibuprofen, and steroids may cause gastric bleeding
- chronic use of antacids or histamine-2 blockers can mask symptoms of serious stomach disorders
- overuse of laxatives can decrease intestinal tone and promote dependency
- high iron intake may lead to chronic constipation
What are the alcohol-related disorders? list them
- gastritis
- esophageal varices
- pancreatitis
- liver cirrhosis
What foods can lead to gouty arthritis?
food high in purines (liver and sardines)
What is Cullen’s Sign? What does this indicate?
a blue/purple discoloration around the umbilicus; indicates intra-abdominal bleeding
What is Grey Turner Sign?
a blue/purple discoloration on the abdominal flanks
Dark-bluish pink striae are associated with what condition?
Cushing Syndrome
Ascites is usually a result from what condition?
liver failure or liver disease
Keloids are more common in what ethnic groups?
African Americans and Asians
What are the 6 F’s that are the major causes of abdominal distention?
Fat, Feces, Fetus, Fibroids, Flatulence, and Fluid
What is Dyspepsia?
general name for upper abdomen pain
What is Epigastric hernia?
when the bowel protrudes through a weakness in the linea alba
What is Diastatsis Recti?
when the bowel protrudes through a separation between the two rectus abdominis muscles – appears as a midline ridge
What is Incisional Hernia?
when the bowel protrudes through a defect or weakness resulting from surgical incision
How long does the colon take to recover propulsive activity after surgery?
3-5 days
What is Borborygmus?
hyperactive bowel sounds aka stomach growls
What is a venous hum?
a benign sound caused by turbulence of blood in the jugular veins
A friction rub heard over the lower right costal area is associated with what conditions?
hepatic abscess or metastases
A friction rub heard over the anterior axillary line in the lower left costal area is associated with what conditions?
splenic infarction, abscess, infection, or tumor
What does hyperresonance over the abdomen mean?
the abdomen is distended with gas
What is the normal liver span at the MCL (midclavicular line)?
6-12 cm
What is the normal liver span at the MSL (midsternal line)?
4-8 cm
Why might hepatomegaly occur?
d/t liver tumors, cirrhosis, abscess, and vascular engorgement
Splenomegaly may result from what conditions?
traumatic injury, portal hypertension, and mononucleosis
What does CVA tenderness indicate?
- kidney infection (pyelonephrotitis)
- renal calculi
- hydronephrosis
Do you palpate tender areas first or last?
last
Why should you not palpate a pulsating midline mass?
it may be a dissecting aortic aneurysm that can rupture
What is used for definitive confirmation for ascites?
ultrasound
What is Murphy’s Sign assessing for?
Cholecystitis
