Exam 2: Head, Ears, Nose, Throat Flashcards

1
Q

What are three differences in children vs. adults?

A

changes in Eustachian tubes, nasal breathers, enlarged tonsils.

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2
Q

When do sutures ossify?

A

6-18 yrs

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3
Q

What are the male adolescent facial changes?

A

nose and thyroid cartilage enlarge, facial hair appears.

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4
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

some facial features are larger than normal.

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5
Q

what is craniofacial dystosis?

A

not symmetrical facial features.

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6
Q

What increased in infants by 3 months?

A

salivation.

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7
Q

What sinuses are present at birth but very small? which ones begin developing at 3 yrs?

A

maxillary, ethmoid; frontal, sphenoid

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8
Q

When do permanent teeth begin forming?

A

6 months of age.

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9
Q

When do you start getting permanent teeth and when is it completed?

A

6 yrs- 14 or 15 yrs

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10
Q

What is craniotabes?

A

softening of the outer table of the skull.

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11
Q

What are some common medical treatments for ear disorders?

A

pressure-equalizing (PE) tubes, hearing aids, cochlear implants.

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12
Q

what are some common drugs for ear and eye disorders?

A

antibiotics, antihistamines, analgesics

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13
Q

True or false: 1 million children are affected with hearing impairment.

A

true

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14
Q

What are some common causes of conductive hearing loss?

A

impacted cerumen; otitis externa, trauma, foreign body.

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15
Q

True or false you should get a language and hearing test if frequent otitis media or middle ear effusion > 3 months,

A

true

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16
Q

When are screening tests?

A

16-24 months

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17
Q

What are some signs of hearing impairment in an infant?

A

lack of startle reflex, failure to localize sound by 6 months, absence of babble or inflections by age 7 months, failure to speak by 24 months.

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18
Q

What age ranges do the following occur?

1) turns head to sound, recognizes moms voice; babbles
2) reacts to loud noises; responds with smile to voice.
3) makes varies noises; imitates simple sounds; responds to name and no-no or bye bye.

A

1) 4-8 months
2) newborn-4 months
3) 8-12 months

19
Q

What are the levels of hearing loss?

1) severe loss
2) moderate loss
3) mild loss
4) normal
5) profound loss
6) death

A

1) 60-80 dB
2) 40-60 dB
3) 20-40 dB misses 50% of everyday convo.
4) 0-20 dB
5) > 80 dB
6) > 90 dB

20
Q

What type of hearing loss results when transmission of sound through the middle ear is disrupted, as in the case of OME.?

A

Conductive hearing loss

21
Q

What hearing loss is caused by damage to the hair cells in the cochlea or along the auditory pathway.?

A

sensorineural hearing loss

22
Q

true or false if a child has hearing impairment it is important to face them when speaking.

A

true

23
Q

What would an abnormal TM look like?

A

erythema, swollen, lost light reflex.

24
Q

What are some risk factors of otitis media?

A

cigarette smoke, day care centers, increased pacifier use, bottle propping.

25
Q

True or false: otitis media maybe asymptomatic which could lead to hearing loss.

A

true

26
Q

What are some tx for otitis media?

A

tympanostomy- tube placement
analgesics, antipyretics, antibiotics.
antihistamines and decongestants are not effective.

27
Q

who commonly gets otitis media with effusion?

A

under age 15; males

28
Q

what are some symptoms of OM with effusion?

A

hearing loss, clogged ear, language delays, poor school performance, frequent OM, little or no pain.

29
Q

What does TM of OM with effusion look like?

A

retracted or convex, may see air-fluid or bubbles, landmarks blurred, mobility decreased, + weber of affected ear.

30
Q

What is Otitis Externa also known as?

A

swimmers ear

31
Q

What is tx for otitis externa?

A

steroid(hydrocortisone) drops for inflammation, antibiotics if bacterial.

32
Q

Who is epistaxis common in?

A

school-agers and males

33
Q

What can cause nose bleeds in anterior nares?

A

veins irritated from dry air, foreign body, nose picking, coughing, allergies

34
Q

True or false if epistaxis is a posterior problem it is usually more problematic.

A

true

35
Q

Tx for a bloody nose?

A

sit up right with head forward and squeeze or apply pressure for 10-15 minutes.

36
Q

What is the number one concern for peds?

A

URI

37
Q

What are some symptoms of sinusitis?

A

usually URI for 10 days with persistant cough, malodorous breath, mouth breathing, increased purulent drainage, facial pain, HA, fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, hyponasal speech.

38
Q

Tx for sinusitis?

A

antibiotics and antipyretics

39
Q

What are some symptoms of viral pharyngitis?

A

nasal congestion, mild sore throat, pink eye, cough, mild pharyngeal redness, cervical lymphadenopathy, fever less than 101 F

40
Q

What are some symptoms of strep or bacterial pharyngitis?

A

abrupt onset, tonsillar exudate, painful cervical lymphadenopathy, n/v, abdominal pain, HA, fever > 101 F, hot potato voice.

41
Q

What do you assess for in a patient who had a tonsillectomy?

A

increased swelling and swallowing difficulty, fluid balance, will have sore throat and possible ear pain, assess for bleeding.

42
Q

What are some early signs of bleeding with tonsillectomy? late?

A

frequent swallowing; hypotension, tachycardia

43
Q

What is a tonsillar infection that has spread to surrounding tissues and causes cellulitis?

A

peritonsillar abscess

44
Q

What is infection of the lymph nodes that drain the adenoids, nasopharynx, and paranasal sinuses?

A

retropharyngeal abscess.