Exam 2 - Flea Allergy Dermatitis Flashcards
what is the most common flea of dogs & cats?
ctenocephalides felis
T/F: flea allergy dermatitis is a common exacerbating factor of other pruritic skin diseases in cats & dogs
true
what is the name of the human flea?
pulex irritans
how long is the life cycle of the flea?
14-200+ days
when do female fleas lay their first eggs on a cat or dog? how is this the start of the life cycle?
within 24-48 hours after feeding - lays roughly 40-50 eggs/day
consume up to 15x their body weight
saliva antigens injected into the animal’s skin which is what makes them itchy
what is the egg life cycle of the flea? how long does it last?
eggs drop off of the host to the ground - will be most concentrated where the animal spends the most time (dog bed)
2-10 days
what is the larval stage of the flea life cycle? how long does it last? why is it important that it has decreasing juvenile hormones?
easily desiccated by heat - prefers shaded areas, eats dander from pet
5-12 days
can use it as a pharmacologic target for eliminating fleas
what is the stimuli for emergence in the pupa stage in the flea life cycle? how long does it last?
heat & pressure
7-200 days
T/F: before a flea takes a blood meal, it is the only time it may jump from one pet to another
TRUE
why are the adult stage of the flea easiest to treat for? why does this complicate treatment?
we know where we they are in the environment
the adult stage is the smallest fraction of time in the flea life cycle
what is the hardest life cycle to treat for in eliminating fleas?
pupa
T/F: larva can be desiccated by heat, so they prefer shaded environments
true
what type of environment do adult fleas seek out?
light, CO2, & tactile stimuli
when do we see the majority of biomass in regards to the lifecycle fleas?
immature stages of life cycle
what environment is lethal to flea larva?
direct sunlight & rain
what is the ideal temperature & humidity for fleas?
70-85 F & 70-85% humidity
T/F: it only takes 1 flea bite to cause flea allergy dermatitis
false - if that were true, we would never be able to manage it
what are some common misconceptions held by owners in regards to fleas & flea treatment?
fleas jump from pet to pet - false
fleas are not a problem for indoor animals - false
fleas are only a problem in warmer months - false
it only takes 1 flea bite to cause flea allergy dermatitis - false
what are some problems fleas cause in companion animals?
flea bites resulting in dermatitis, nuisance to pets & peoples, anemia, blood-borne vectors
what is the most common cause of allergic skin disease in dogs & cats?
flea allergy dermatitis
T/F: adult fleas only represent 5-10% of the flea burden in the environment
true - rest is all of the immature life stages
T/F: flea allergy dermatitis causes otitis externa, pruritic lesions on their front feat, & on their face
false - does none of the above
what is the common pattern distribution seen in animals with flea bite dermatitis?
caudal body!!!!!! especially dorsal lumbosacral area, tail base, inguinal area, caudomedial thighs, & umbilical fold
if you don’t see fleas on an animal with pruritus throughout the dorsal lumbosacral area with self-induced alopecia, do you rule out flea bite dermatitis?
no - just because you don’t see one doesn’t rule it out
T/F: flea allergy dermatitis is a common cause of ‘hot spots’ (surface pyoderma)
true
what lesions are seen in cats with flea allergy dermatitis?
feline cutaneous reaction patterns - miliary dermatitis (papulomatous crust lesions), self-induced symmetrical alopecia, cervicofacial pruritic dermatitis, & eosinophilic granuloma complex
this lesion distribution is seen in what skin condition?
flea allergy dermatitis
T/F: all feline cutaneous reaction patterns can be seen in cats with flea allergy dermatitis
true
what feline cutaneous patterns are seen in animals with flea allergy dermatitis?
fur mowing syndrome
cervicofacial pruritic dermatitis
eosinophilic skin disease
miliary dermatitis
what flea control is utilized for the different life stages?
adult - adulticides for rapid speed of kill on all pets
eggs - ovicides & vacuuming
larva - larvacides & vacuuming
pupa - vacuuming
what unrealistic expectations do owners often have when their pets have fleas/flea allergy dermatitis?
products aren’t effective repellants, so it won’t keep fleas from jumping on the animal
products do not instantly kill fleas
fleas will be seen on a correctly treated pet
T/F: in an animal with flea allergy dermatitis, all pets in the house hold must be treated even if they are indoor only
true
what is the pathogenesis of flea allergy dermatitis?
flea antigen is present in the saliva & contains proteolytic enzymes, anticoagulants, & histamine-like factors that are released into the skin during a blood meal & are antigenic stimuli in sensitive animals that have had prior flea exposure leading to hypersensitivity reactions
T/F: intradermal & serologic IgE testing against flea allergen may be negative but the pet may still have flea allergy dermatitis given all of the types of hypersensitivity reactions
true
how can an animal have negative intradermal & serologic IgE testing against flea allergens but still have flea allergy dermatitis?
may still have it given all of the different types of hypersensitivity reactions that can occur
the effectiveness of topical & systemic flea prevention in controlling flea allergy dermatitis is related to what?
the reduction of flea feeding times resulting in less salivary antigen deposited in the skin (speed of kill effect)
T/F: dogs with atopic dermatitis are predisposed to developing flea allergy dermatitis
true
what is the common distribution of lesions/pruritus in animals with flea allergy dermatitis?
dorsal lumbosacral area!!!!! tail base, inguinal area, caudomedial thighs, & umbilical fold
how is flea allergy dermatitis diagnosed?
history/clinical signs, presence of fleas/flea dirt/tapeworms
RESPONSE TO ADULTICIDAL THERAPY OVER 4-8+ WEEKS
how do adulticides work for flea prevention?
speed of kill, <24 hours, is crucial to prevent flea feeding time & egg production thus lessening adult fleas & flea bites
how do larvicides work for flea prevention?
target the insect growth regulators in fleas
how do insect development inhibitors work for larvicidal therapy? what is an example of a drug that does this?
inhibit chitin synthesis thereby disrupting survival of flea egg & larvae (ovicidal & larvicidal)
lufenuron
how do juvenile hormone analogues work for larvicidal therapy?
mimic insect juvenile hormones preventing the activation of genetic promoters of embryogenesis & molting (ovicidal & larvicidal)
methoprene & pyriproxifen
why can there be an emergence of adult fleas in an animal that is being correctly treated for fleas? what is this phenomenon called?
from the time that appropriate treatment is initiated, adult fleas are going to hatch from pupal cocoons that came from larvae which came from eggs laid at least 3-8 weeks prior
pupal window phenomenon
what is the pupal window phenomenon?
from the time that appropriate treatment is initiated, adult fleas are going to hatch from pupal cocoons that came from larvae which came from eggs laid at least 3-8 weeks prior
what is the rule of thumb when using a topical flea preventative and bathing a pet?
don’t bathe them for 3 days before or 3 days after application of topical preventative
T/F: it may take 1-4 months to get a flea infested environment under control
true
when are drugs that target insect growth regulators indicated?
when controlling an infestation & when confronted with a severe case of flea allergy dermatitis
T/F: other pruritic skin conditions are complicated by flea bites regardless if the pet is flea allergic so you can’t work up/manage other allergies effectively in the presence of flea bites
true
T/F: it is okay to refer a patient to a dermatologist for allergy testing even if the animal isn’t receiving some form of adulticidal flea prevention
false - don’t do this because A&M will get pissy
T/F: flea allergy dermatitis is a common cause of hotspots in dogs
true
what 3 things must be treated for flea control in a patient with flea allergy dermatitis?
the pet!!!!
indoor treatment
outdoor treatment
what is purpose of adulticidal flea therapy?
targets the flea on the pet where they reproduce to have a quick kill, limit feeding time so less antigen deposited in the skin, prevent reproduction & environmental contamination, & eventually exhaust all developmental stages
adulticidal flea drugs may be used concurrently with what other drug to reduce the biomass in the environment?
insect growth regulators targets
how is indoor therapy used for lessening flea egg contamination in the environment?
treat pets with insect growth regulators to control immature stages of fleas, trace amounts of spot therapy may transfer to the environment & may be enough
spray the area with IGR when severe infestation is present concentrating on areas where the pets spend most of their time
vacuuming removes immature forms of fleas & also helps stimulate the emergence from the pupae making them more susceptible to insecticidal treatment
how is outdoor therapy used for lessening flea egg contamination in the environment?
concentrate the outdoor product (spray, concentrate, granules, dust) in shady areas where the pet/wildlife frequently visit such as flower beds, shrubs, bushes, etc
typically used every 7 days for 1-3 months
what products are used for outdoor flea control?
bayer advanced complete insect killer exclusive 2-way formula (imidocloprid & cyfluthrin)
bayer advanced power force multi-insect killer (cyflurthrin)
what is the main group of drugs used for flea control?
isoxazolines
what is the typical presentation of an animal with flea allergy dermatitis?
dogs & cats of any breed/age/sex - GSD may have more severe reactions
seasonal or non-seasonal depending in region & non-responsive over the long haul to steroids or apoquel
itch located especially along the tail head, over-grooming, hair loss, scabs, & hot spots
what are the active ingredients in frontline plus? what life stage of the flea does it target? how is it given? how long does it last? what animals can it be used in?
fipronil & methoprene - targets adult fleas (fipronil), flea eggs, & flea larva (methoprene)
spot on spray
dogs & cats
30 day duration
what are the active ingredients in frontline gold? what life stage of the flea does it target? how is it given? how long does it last? what animals can it be used in?
fipronil (adulticidal), methoprene, & pyriproxifen (mimics insect juvenile growth hormone, halting development during metamorphosis and larval development &also concentrates in female flea ovaries, causing non-viable eggs to be produced) so takes out larva & eggs
spot on
dogs & cats
30 day duration
what are the active ingredients in parastar? what life stage of the flea does it target? how is it given? how long does it last? what animals can it be used in?
fipronil - adulticidal
spot on
dogs
30 day duration
what are the active ingredients in parastar plus? what life stage of the flea does it target? how is it given? how long does it last? what animals can it be used in?
fipronil & cyphenothrin - adulticidal
spot on
dogs
30 day duration
what are the active ingredients in easyspot? what life stage of the flea does it target? how is it given? how long does it last? what animals can it be used in?
fipronil - adulticidal
spot on
cats
30 day duration
what are the active ingredients in advantage II? what life stage of the flea does it target? how is it given? how long does it last? what animals can it be used in?
imidacloprid & pyriproxifen - adulticidal (imidacloprid) & pyriproxifen (mimics insect juvenile growth hormone, halting development during metamorphosis and larval development & also concentrates in female flea ovaries, causing non-viable eggs to be produced) so takes out larva & eggs
spot on
dogs & cats
30 day duration
what are the active ingredients in advantix II? what life stage of the flea does it target? how is it given? how long does it last? what animals can it be used in?
imidacloprid (adulticidal) pyriproxifen (larvicide & eggs) permethrin (adulticide & miticide)
spot on
dogs only
30 day duration
what are the active ingredients in advantage multi? what life stage of the flea does it target? how is it given? how long does it last? what animals can it be used in?
imidacloprid (adulticidal) moxidectin (adulticide, & treatment/control of hookworms, roundworms, ear mites in cats, whipworms/scabies/microfilaria in dogs
spot on
dogs & cats
30 day duration
what are the active ingredients in revolution? what life stage of the flea does it target? how is it given? how long does it last? what animals can it be used in?
selemectin - adulticidal, larvicidal, & ovicidal
spot on
dogs & cats
30 day duration
what are the active ingredients in revolution plus? what life stage of the flea does it target? how is it given? how long does it last? what animals can it be used in?
selemectin (adult, larva, & eggs) & sarolaner (adult, larva, & egg)
spot on
cats only
30 day duration
what are the active ingredients in vectra? what life stage of the flea does it target? how is it given? how long does it last? what animals can it be used in?
dinotefuran (adulticidal) & pyriproxifen (larva & eggs) - all stages covered
spot on
puppies/kittens, dogs & cats
30 day duration
what are the active ingredients in vectra 3D? what life stage of the flea does it target? how is it given? how long does it last? what animals can it be used in?
dinotefuran (adulticidal), pyriproxifen (larva & eggs), & permethrin (adulticidal & miticidal)
spot-on
dogs only!!!!
30 day duration
what are the active ingredients in cheristin? what life stage of the flea does it target? how is it given? how long does it last? what animals can it be used in?
spinetoram (adulticidal)
spot on
cats only - one dose fits all
30 day duration
what are the active ingredients in catego? what life stage of the flea does it target? how is it given? how long does it last? what animals can it be used in?
dinotefuran (adulticidal), fipronil (adulticidal), & pyriproxifen (larva & eggs)
spot on
cats only - one dose fits all
30 day duration
what are the active ingredients in activyl? what life stage of the flea does it target? how is it given? how long does it last? what animals can it be used in?
indoxacarb (adulticidal & larva) - bioactivation, enzymes inside of the fleas activate the drug
spot on
dogs & cats
30 day duration
what are the active ingredients in activyl protector band? what life stage of the flea does it target? how is it given? how long does it last? what animals can it be used in?
deltamethrin (adulticidal) - also ticks & mosquitos
collar
dogs only
6 month duration
what are the active ingredients in seresto? what life stage of the flea does it target? how is it given? how long does it last? what animals can it be used in?
imidacloprid (adulticidal) & flumethrin (adulticidal)
collar
dogs & cats
lasts 8 months or replace in 5 months if the pet is bathed a lot
what are the active ingredients in capstar? what life stage of the flea does it target? how is it given? how long does it last? what animals can it be used in?
nitenpyram - only adulticidal
oral tablet - fast speed of kill for an oral drug
dogs & cats
24 hour duration
what are the active ingredients in comfortis? what life stage of the flea does it target? how is it given? how long does it last? what animals can it be used in?
spinosad - adulticide
oral chewable tablet
dogs & cats
30 day duration - green chemistry award
what are the active ingredients in trifexis? what life stage of the flea does it target? how is it given? how long does it last? what animals can it be used in?
spinosad (adulticide) & milbemycin oxime (adulticide, + other parasites)
oral chewable tab
dogs only
30 day duration - green chemistry award
what are the active ingredients in nexguard? what life stage of the flea does it target? how is it given? how long does it last? what animals can it be used in?
afoxolaner - isoxazoline, adulticidal, covers other parasites
oral chewable tablet
dogs only
30 day duration
what are the active ingredients in bravecto? what life stage of the flea does it target? how is it given? how long does it last? what animals can it be used in?
fluralaner - adulticidal & eggs
oral chewable tablet
dogs only - topical option available for cats
12 week duration for fleas
what are the active ingredients in bravecto plus? what life stage of the flea does it target? how is it given? how long does it last? what animals can it be used in?
fluralaner (adulticidal & eggs) & moxidectin (adulticide & other parasites)
spot on
cats
8 week duration for HWP
what are the active ingredients in simparica? what life stage of the flea does it target? how is it given? how long does it last? what animals can it be used in?
sarolaner (adult, larva, & egg)
oral chewable tablet
dogs only
30 day duration
what are the active ingredients in simparica trio? what life stage of the flea does it target? how is it given? how long does it last? what animals can it be used in?
sarolaner (adult, larva, & egg), moxidectin (adulticidal + other parasites), & pyrantel (rounds + hooks)
oral chewable tablet
dogs only
30 day duration
what are the active ingredients in credelio? what life stage of the flea does it target? how is it given? how long does it last? what animals can it be used in?
lotilaner - adulticide
oral chewable tablet
dogs only
30 day duration
what are the active ingredients in credelio for cats? what life stage of the flea does it target? how is it given? how long does it last? what animals can it be used in?
lotilaner - adulticide
oral chewable tablet that is palatable for cats
30 day duration
