Exam 2: Circulatory System Flashcards
1
Q
Circulatory System =
A
Blood vascular system + lymphatic vascular system
2
Q
Endocardium composed of
A
- Endothelium
- Looser CT layer
- More dense irregular CT
- Subendocardial layer
3
Q
Endocardium endothelium type
A
Simple squamous
4
Q
Endothelium: Looser CT + more dense irregular CT
A
Subendothelium
5
Q
Subendocardial layer contains
A
Looser CT
Blood vessels
Nerve
Most purkinje fibers
6
Q
Purkinje fibers
A
Modified cardiac myocytes
7
Q
subendocardium Purkinje fibers characteristics
A
- Fewer myofibrils peripherally
- Stored glycogen
- Gap junctions and desmosomes
8
Q
Subendocardium Purkinje fibers function
A
Conduct contraction impulse rapidly
9
Q
Myocardium in atria
A
Less muscle
More elastic fibers
10
Q
Myocardium in ventricle
A
More muscle
11
Q
Intercalated discs parts
A
Transverse portion
Longitudinal portion
12
Q
Transverse portions of intercalated discs
A
Macula adherens
Fascia adherens
13
Q
Longitudinal portion of intercalated discs
A
Large gap junctions
14
Q
Functions of intercalated discs
A
- Attach cardiac myocytes (macula adherens)
- Attach/stabilize myofibrils (fascia adherens)
- Cell-cell communication (gap junctions)
15
Q
Specialized cardiac muscle cells
A
Myoendocrine cells
16
Q
Myoendocrine cells secrete hormones that act on
A
Kidneys and renal arteries
17
Q
Pericardium AKA
A
Serous pericardium
18
Q
Epicardium AKA
A
Visceral pericardium
19
Q
Parts of epicardium
A
Fibroelastic CT layer
Mesothelium
20
Q
Fibroelastic CT layer of epicardium contains
A
Coronary vessels
Nerves
Sometimes adipose
21
Q
Mesothelium of epicardium secretes
A
Serous lubricating fluid
22
Q
Parietal pericardium parts
A
Mesothelium
Fibroelastic CT
23
Q
Pericardial sac parts
A
Parietal pericardium
Fibrous pericardium
24
Q
Fibrous pericardium contains lots of
A
Collagen I
25
Pericardial cavity is between
Parietal and visceral pericardium
26
Valve histology: endothelium w/
Dense irregular CT
| **almost avascular
27
Cardiac skeleton made up of
Dense irregular CT
28
3 main components of cardiac skeleton
Annuli fibrosi
Trigonum fibrosum
Septum membranaceum
29
Annuli fibrosi locations
Base of aorta
Pulmonary artery
Openings of chambers
30
Trigonum fibrosum location
Cusps of aortic valve
31
Septum membranaceum location
Upper portion of interventricular septum
32
Function of septum membranaceum
Provide O and I for cardiac myocytes
33
Chordae tendinae CT type
Dense regular
34
Angina
Chest pain
35
Cause of angina
Slow narrowing of coronary vessels — less O2
36
Dysrhythmia
Abnormal heart rhythms
37
Dysrhythmia occurs when
Damage/death of Purkinje fibers
38
Pericarditis
Inflammation of pericardium
39
Tunica intima = continuation of heart’s
Endocardium
40
Tunica media = continuation of heart’s
Myocardium
41
Tunica adventitia = continuation of heart’s
Epicardium
42
3 types of arteries
Elastic
Muscular
Arterioles
43
Elastic arteries AKA
Conducting arteries
44
Tunica intima of elastic arteries
Attenuated endo
Thin/incomplete internal elastic lamina
Thicker CT
45
2 components of Tunica media of elastic arteries
1. Thin layers of smooth muscle
| 2. Fenestrated sheets of elastic lamina
46
Tunica media of elastic arteries contains no
Fibroblasts
47
Outer portion of tunica media of elastic arteries
Contains vasa vasorum
48
Tunica adventitia of elastic arteries
Loose fibroelastic CT
| Numerous Vasa vasorum
49
Function of vasa vasorum
Distribution of nutrients and O2
50
Which major luminal wall layer is thickest within elastic arteries
Tunica media
51
Muscular arteries AKA
Distributing arteries
52
Tunica intima of muscular arteries
Very thin
53
Tunica media of muscular arteries
Thickest/most dominant
54
Tunica media of muscular arteries is primarily
Smooth muscle
55
Tunica media of muscular arteries also contain ____ and ____ is possible
Elastic and reticular fibers, chondroitin sulfate
External elastic lamina
56
Tunica adventitia of muscular arteries
Fibro-elastic CT w/ sulfate GAGs and fibroblasts
57
Tunica adventitia of muscular arteries also contain
Vasa vasorum
Lots of sympathetics
58
Lots of sympathetics in tunica adventitia of muscular A help cause
Strong contraction over small area
59
Major luminal wall layer thickest/most dominant w/in muscular arteries
Tunica media
60
Tunica intima of arterioles internal elastic lamina
Possible but not likely
61
Tunica media of arterioles made up of
1-2 layers of smooth muscle
No external elastic lamina
62
Tunica adventitia of arterioles
Thin CT layer
63
Importance of arterioles
1. Lead to metaarterioles and capillaries
| 2. Smooth muscle typically partially contracted — contributes to BP
64
Major luminal wall layer thickest/most dominant w/in arterioles
Tunica media
65
Elastic artery changes w/ age
Width inc into 20’s
of elastic lamina inc in tunica media
66
Muscular artery changes w/ age
Collagen/proteoglycans inc after middle age — dec flexibility
67
Inc in systolic BP occurs w/ age due to dec in ____ and inc in ____
Elastic fibers; collagen I
68
Tunica intima and arteriosclerosis
Infiltrated w/ soft lipids — dec lumen diameter
69
Tunica media and arteriosclerosis
Collagen I and sulfated GAGs inc
70
Why is endo of tunica intima prone to develop problems in elastic arteries
Fast moving blood, healing difficult
71
Metaarterioles are short terminal branches that lack
True tunica media
72
Metarterioles lead to ____ and ____ which lead to venules
Capillaries and thoroughfare channel
73
Thoroughfare channel lacks
Tunica media
74
Metaarterioles allows blood to _____ which promotes exchange of materials
Pulse through true capillaries
75
AVA have thicker
Tunica media and adventitia
76
AVA have many ANS nerves to control
Lumen size and amount of blood into capillaries
77
Closed AVA in skin/stomach
Blooc into capillary bed as normal
78
Closed AVA in skin/stomach promotes
Heat loss
79
If AVA in skin/stomach opens most blood will
By-pass capillary bed
80
AVA in erectile tissue is typically ___ therefore there is ___
Open; less blood into erectile tissue capillaries
81
Closing AVA in erectile tissues
Sends blood into erectile tissue capillaries
82
Blood flow into capillaries is controlled/influenced by
1. Metarterioles
2. AVAs
3. Lumen size of term arteriole
4. Precapillary sphincters
83
Pinocytotic vesicles in capillaries form
Transient channels through cytoplasm
84
Pinocytotic vesicles function
Movement of large molecules
85
Cell junction type in capillaries
Fasciae occludens
86
Functions of fasciae occludens
Exchange of macromolecules
Allow more cell movement
87
3 types of capillaries
Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoidal
88
MC capillary type
Continuous
89
Locations of continuous capillaries
Muscle
CT
Organs
90
Continuous capillaries contain
Pericytes
91
Pericytes can secrete
Basement membrane
| ECM components
92
Pericytes can divide and change into
Smooth muscle
Endothelial cells
Fibroblasts
93
Functions of pericytes
Healing
| Regulate blood flow??
94
Modified continuous capillary are found in
CNS
95
Modified continuous capillary cell junction type
Zonula occludens
96
Fenestrated capillaries located in
Pancreas
Intestines
Endo organs
Kidneys
97
Structure of fenestrated capillaries
Pores w/ thin protein diaphragm (w/ 8 fibrils)
98
Function of fenestrated capillary
Allow greater mvmt of molecules/cells
99
Sinusoidal capillaries AKA
Discontinuous
100
Locations of sinusoidal capillaries
```
B marrow
Liver
Spleen
Lymphatics
Endo organs
```
101
Structure of sinusoidal capillaries
Enlarged diameter
| Large fenestrae w/ NO diaphragm
102
Function of sinusoidal capillaries
Enhanced exchange btw blood/tissues
103
Veins similar to arteries
3 tunics
104
Veins different than arteries
Not as uniform
Larger diameter
Higher #
105
Vein valve structure
2 flaps of tunica intima and fibroelastic CT
106
Functions of valves
1. Prevent backflow
| 2. Works w/ skeletal muscle to keep blood moving
107
Postcapillary venules tunica intima
Endothelium
Small amt of CT
Numerous pericytes
108
Postcapillary venules tunica media and adventitia
NONE
109
Collecting venules tunica intima
Endothelium
| Small amts of CT
110
Collecting venules tunica media
NONE
111
Collecting venules tunica adventitia
CT
Fibroblasts
Some pericytes
112
Muscular venules tunica intima
Present
113
Muscular venules tunica adventitia
Present
| Fewest pericytes
114
Muscular venules tunica media
Incomplete smooth muscle layer
115
An incomplete tunica media allows products of inflamm through to
Loosen endo cell junctions
End up w/ leaky venules
116
Small vein structure
Similar to muscular venules — except complete tunica media
117
Small vein most dominant major luminal wall layer
Tunica adventitia
118
Medium veins tunica intima
Endo
Basal lamina
CT w/ reticular
Elastic fiber network (sometimes)
119
Medium veins tunica media
Smooth muscle
Collagen
Fibroblasts
120
Medium veins tunica adventitia
CT w/ collagen
Elastic fibers
Few smooth muscle cells
121
Thickest and most dominant layer in medium veins
Tunica adventitia
122
____ possible in medium vein tunica adventitia
Vasa vasorum
123
Large veins tunica intima
Thicker CT w/ fibroblasts
| Elastic fiber network
124
Large veins tunica media
Complete but thin
125
Large veins tunica adventitia
Lots fibroelastic CT and vasa vasorum
126
Exceptions to typical vein structure
Superficial veins/legs
Pulmonary veins
SVC and IVC
127
Superficial veins of legs tunica media
Well-developed
128
Pulmonary veins tunica media _____ and tunica adventitia ____
Well developed; some cardiac ms
129
SVC tunica adventitia
Some cardiac muscle
130
IVC tunica adventitia
Some cardiac muscle
Some long smooth muscle
131
Varicose veins possible causes
Loss of sk muscle tone
Degeneration of vessel wall
Valve incompetence
132
Exophageal varices
Varicose veins in lower esophagus
Common in alcoholics (portal HTN)
133
Hemorrhoids
Varicose veins at end of anal canal
134
Functions of lymphatic vessels
Drain excess ISF
Transport lymph
- to lymph nodes
- to blood stream
135
Lymphatic capillaries structurally resemble
Continuous blood capillaries
136
Differences from continuous blood capillaries
```
Blind ended
No pericytes
Endo cells overlap
No fenestrae/tight junctions
Anchoring filaments
```
137
Reason for endothelial cells overlapping in lymphatic capillaries
Allow easy movement of materials into/out of vessels
138
Function of anchoring filaments in lymphatics
Support endo walls so capillaries stay open
Hold to CT
139
Small lymphatic vessels resemble
Venules
140
Medium/large lymphatic vessels
Larger lumen
Thinner walls
Tunics blend together
141
M/L lymphatic vessels tunica intima
Endo and thin layer of CT w/ elastic fibers
142
M/L lymphatic vessels tunica media
Thin smooth ms layer
143
M/L lymphatic vessels tunica adventitia
CT w/ collagen and elastic fibers
144
M/L lymphatic vessels valves
Present
| Closely spaced
145
Lymphatic ducts empty into venous system at junction of
R internal jugular and subclavian veins
146
2 major lymphatic ducts
R lymphatic duct
| Thoracic duct
147
Tunica intima of lymphatic ducts
Endo
Layers of collagen/elastic fibers
Condensed elastic fibers
148
Tunica media of lymphatic ducts
Longitudinal/circular layers of smooth ms
149
Tunica adventitia of lymphatic ducts
Long muscle
Collagenous CT
Vasa vasorum-like vessels
