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Organ Histo > Exam 1: CT > Flashcards

Exam 1: CT Flashcards

1
Q

ECM composed of

A

Ground substance

Fibers

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2
Q

General functions of CT

A

Structural support
Medium for exchange
Defense/protection
Adipose storage

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3
Q

Characteristics of CT

A
  1. Mesenchyme origin
  2. Separated by matrix
  3. Cells produce matrix
  4. Adhere to matrix
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4
Q

Glycosaminoglycans general trait

A

Hydrophilic

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5
Q

GAGs are covalently bonded to

A

Proteins

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6
Q

Non-sulfated GAG example

A

Hyaluronic acid

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7
Q

HA holds much ____ which is important for allowing ____

A

Water; diffusion

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8
Q

Positive aspects of inflammation

A

Increased fluidity

Increased # of defensive cells

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9
Q

Excessive swelling can

A

Damage BV, nerves and cells

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10
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Protein core w/ many sulfated GAGs attached

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11
Q

Adhesive glycoprotein examples

A

Laminin

Fibronectin

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12
Q

Type I collagen known for

A

Great tensile strength

Does NOT stretch

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13
Q

Type I collagen accounts for ____ of total body collagen

A

90%

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14
Q

Pathology of collagen I

A

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

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15
Q

Symptoms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

A

Unstable joints

Skin and BV also affected

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16
Q

Aging effect on collagen

A

Fiber production slows and are weaker

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17
Q

______ necessary for proper cross-linking within collagen I

A

Vitamin C

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18
Q

Not enough vitamin C on collagen I

A

Weaker collagen

More rapid fiber breakdown

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19
Q

Vitamin C deficiency causes what pathology

A

SCURVY

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20
Q

Elastic fibers composed of

A

Elastin and mircofibrils

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21
Q

Elastic fibers important in

A

BV and lungs

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22
Q

Aging effect on elastin

A

Number of elastic fibers decrease

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23
Q

Marfan’s syndrome

A

Undeveloping elastic fibers — defective fibrillin

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24
Q

Marfan’s syndrome manifestations

A 
Irregular/unsteady gate
Tall lean body
Long extremities
Dislocation of lens
Dilated aorta
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25
Q

Reticular fibers essentially same as

A

Collagen III

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26
Q

Aging effect on reticular fibers

A

Not affected

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27
Q

1st fiber produced during wound healing

A

Reticular fibers

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28
Q

Reticular fibers common in

A

Liver, bone marrow, lymph nodes

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29
Q

Fiber considered the simplest in structure

A

Reticular

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30
Q

Which fibers are affected by aging

A

Elastic

Collagen I

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31
Q

Fibroblasts derived from

A

Mesenchyme cells

Very important in ordinary CT

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32
Q

When do fibroblasts primarily divide

A

Wound healing

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33
Q

What do fibroblasts do under special conditions

A

Change into other cell types

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34
Q

Structural functions of fibroblasts

A

Produce/maintain matrix

Healing

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35
Q

Scars made up

A

Dense irregular CT

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36
Q

Scars only _____ as strong as original tissue

A

70%

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37
Q

Defensive functions of fibroblasts

A

Produce cytokines and enzymes

Phagocytize

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38
Q

Fibrocyte

A

Mature
Less active — appear flat
Lower energy and oxygen

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39
Q

Function of fibrocyte

A

Maintain matrix

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40
Q

Fibrocytes can produce

A

HA
Ground substance
Reticular fibers

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41
Q

Myofibroblast functions

A

Wound closure

Tooth eruption

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42
Q

Do adipocytes divide

A

NO

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43
Q

Adipocytes derived from

A

Mesenchyme cells

Make pre-adipocytes

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44
Q

Functions of adipocytes

A

Store lipids

Regulate energy metabolism

45
Q

Adipocytes produce ___ which is a circulating satiety hormone

A

Leptin

46
Q

Plasma cells are derived from

A

B lymphocytes

47
Q

Plasma cells are large cells w/ ____

A

A spherical “clock faced” nucleus

48
Q

Function of plasma cells

A

Produce antibodies

49
Q

IgG associated w/

A

Macrophages and neutrophils

50
Q

IgE associated w/

A

Mast cells and basophils

51
Q

IgA is a secretory antibody associated w/

A

Epithelium

52
Q

Macrophages are a large cell w/ a ____ nucleus

A

Variable

53
Q

Macrophages often contain ____ in their cytoplasm

A

Residual bodies

54
Q

Can macrophages divide

A

Yes

55
Q

Macrophages are derived from

A

Monocytes

56
Q

Macrophages are part of the _____

A

Mononuclear phagocyte system

- all derived from common ancestor

57
Q

Functions of macrophages

A

Phagocytosis of debris and microbes
Act as APC
Create foreign body giant cells
Release cytokines

58
Q

Foreign body giant cells

A

Permanent fusion of many macrophages

59
Q

Foreign body giant cells form in response to

A

Sizeable foreign substance

Some pathogens

60
Q

Mast cells derived from

A

Bone marrow precursor

61
Q

Functions of mast cells

A

Mediate inflamm, simple allergy, anaphylaxis, asthma

Release primary and secondary mediators

62
Q

Primary mediators that mast cells release

A

Histamine
Heparin
ECF
NCF

63
Q

Effects of histamine

A

Inc permeability of capillaries/venules

Vasodilation

Contraction of visceral smooth mus

64
Q

Heparin is the _____ and is ____ to take effect

A

Off switch; slow

65
Q

Heparin binds to and inactivated ___

A

Histamine

66
Q

ECF

A

Eosinophil chemotactic factor — attracts eosinophils

67
Q

Eosinophils will help

A

Limit the effects of histamine and leukotrienes

68
Q

NCF

A

Neutrophil chemotactic factor — attracts neutrophils

69
Q

Secondary mediators that mast cells release

A

Leukotrienes and others (cytokines)

70
Q

Effects of leukotrienes

A

Same as histamine, but MUCH more powerful

Extend and amplify effects of histamine

71
Q

Stimuli that activate mast cells

A

Direct trauma
Phagocytosis
IgE—allergen complex
Complement

72
Q

Anaphylactic shock =

A

Circulatory shock

Leads to CV collapse

73
Q

Extrinsic asthma

A

allergic asthma

Usually childhood onset

74
Q

Intrinsic asthma

A

Allergen unknown

Adult onset

75
Q

Asthma primary problem

A

Release of leukotrienes

Secondary = inflamm in lungs

76
Q

Types of leukocytes

A 
Monocytes
Neutrophils (MC)
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
77
Q

Monocytes become ___ in CT

A

Macrophages

78
Q

Neutrophils attracted to sites of ___

A

Acute inflamm

79
Q

Eosinophils attracted to sites of ____

A

Allergic inflamm

80
Q

Basophils are similar to

A

Mast cells

Initiate/maintain/influence inflamm

81
Q

Lymphocytes are attracted to sites of

A

Chronic inflamm

82
Q

Mesenchyme cells =

A

Adult stem cells

83
Q

Function of mesenchyme cells

A

Change into another cell type

84
Q

Reticular cells are derived from

A

Mesenchyme cells

85
Q

Function of reticular cells

A

Make reticular fibers when needed on a permanent basis

86
Q

Characteristics of loose CT

A

More cells and cell types
Fewer fibers
Inc ground substance
Vascular

87
Q

Types of loose CT

A

Loose areolar

Loose irregular

88
Q

Loose areolar found in

A

Greater/lesser omenta

“Filler” around BV

89
Q

Loose irregular CT locations

A

Dermis — papillary layer

Beneath epi in organs

90
Q

Dense CT characteristics

A

Fewer cells and cell types
Many fibers
Dec ground substance
Less vascular

91
Q

Exception of dense CT charcteristics

A

Dense irregular CT in dermis

92
Q

Types of dense CT

A

Dense irregular

Dense regular

93
Q

Dense irregular CT locations

A

Dermis — reticular layer
Nerve sheaths
Organ capsules
Scars

94
Q

Dense regular CT locations

A

Tendons

Ligs and aponeuroses

95
Q

Reticular CT locations

A

Lymphatic and endo organs

Bone marrow

96
Q

2 types of adipose

A

White

Brown

97
Q

White adipose primary cell type

A

Unilocular white adipocytes

One large droplet

98
Q

Functions of white adipose

A

Lipid storage
Produce adipokines
Store lipase

99
Q

Lipid storage w/in adipocytes used for

A

Energy
Thermal insulation
Protect/cushion organs

100
Q

Important adipokine

A

Leptin

101
Q

Leptin functions

A

Inhibit appetite

Influence formation of new adipose

102
Q

Lipase functions

A

Break down TGs

Split TGs to release FFA

103
Q

Adult onset obesity

A

Adipocytes increase in size

104
Q

Childhood obesity

A

Adipocyte numbers and size inc

105
Q

Brown adipose cells

A

Smaller and multilocular

106
Q

Brown adipose function

A

Thermogenesis

107
Q

ANS promotes brown adipose

A

Differentiation and prevents apoptosis

108
Q

An increase in # of cells types should lead to

A

Inc in healing potential

109
Q

An increase in vasculaity should lead to

A

Increased healing potential

Organ Histo (9 decks)

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