Exam 1: CT Flashcards
1
Q
ECM composed of
A
Ground substance
Fibers
2
Q
General functions of CT
A
Structural support
Medium for exchange
Defense/protection
Adipose storage
3
Q
Characteristics of CT
A
- Mesenchyme origin
- Separated by matrix
- Cells produce matrix
- Adhere to matrix
4
Q
Glycosaminoglycans general trait
A
Hydrophilic
5
Q
GAGs are covalently bonded to
A
Proteins
6
Q
Non-sulfated GAG example
A
Hyaluronic acid
7
Q
HA holds much ____ which is important for allowing ____
A
Water; diffusion
8
Q
Positive aspects of inflammation
A
Increased fluidity
Increased # of defensive cells
9
Q
Excessive swelling can
A
Damage BV, nerves and cells
10
Q
Proteoglycans
A
Protein core w/ many sulfated GAGs attached
11
Q
Adhesive glycoprotein examples
A
Laminin
Fibronectin
12
Q
Type I collagen known for
A
Great tensile strength
Does NOT stretch
13
Q
Type I collagen accounts for ____ of total body collagen
A
90%
14
Q
Pathology of collagen I
A
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
15
Q
Symptoms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
A
Unstable joints
Skin and BV also affected
16
Q
Aging effect on collagen
A
Fiber production slows and are weaker
17
Q
______ necessary for proper cross-linking within collagen I
A
Vitamin C
18
Q
Not enough vitamin C on collagen I
A
Weaker collagen
More rapid fiber breakdown
19
Q
Vitamin C deficiency causes what pathology
A
SCURVY
20
Q
Elastic fibers composed of
A
Elastin and mircofibrils
21
Q
Elastic fibers important in
A
BV and lungs
22
Q
Aging effect on elastin
A
Number of elastic fibers decrease
23
Q
Marfan’s syndrome
A
Undeveloping elastic fibers — defective fibrillin
24
Q
Marfan’s syndrome manifestations
A
Irregular/unsteady gate Tall lean body Long extremities Dislocation of lens Dilated aorta
25
Reticular fibers essentially same as
Collagen III
26
Aging effect on reticular fibers
Not affected
27
1st fiber produced during wound healing
Reticular fibers
28
Reticular fibers common in
Liver, bone marrow, lymph nodes
29
Fiber considered the simplest in structure
Reticular
30
Which fibers are affected by aging
Elastic
| Collagen I
31
Fibroblasts derived from
Mesenchyme cells
Very important in ordinary CT
32
When do fibroblasts primarily divide
Wound healing
33
What do fibroblasts do under special conditions
Change into other cell types
34
Structural functions of fibroblasts
Produce/maintain matrix
| Healing
35
Scars made up
Dense irregular CT
36
Scars only _____ as strong as original tissue
70%
37
Defensive functions of fibroblasts
Produce cytokines and enzymes
Phagocytize
38
Fibrocyte
Mature
Less active — appear flat
Lower energy and oxygen
39
Function of fibrocyte
Maintain matrix
40
Fibrocytes can produce
HA
Ground substance
Reticular fibers
41
Myofibroblast functions
Wound closure
| Tooth eruption
42
Do adipocytes divide
NO
43
Adipocytes derived from
Mesenchyme cells
| Make pre-adipocytes
44
Functions of adipocytes
Store lipids
| Regulate energy metabolism
45
Adipocytes produce ___ which is a circulating satiety hormone
Leptin
46
Plasma cells are derived from
B lymphocytes
47
Plasma cells are large cells w/ ____
A spherical “clock faced” nucleus
48
Function of plasma cells
Produce antibodies
49
IgG associated w/
Macrophages and neutrophils
50
IgE associated w/
Mast cells and basophils
51
IgA is a secretory antibody associated w/
Epithelium
52
Macrophages are a large cell w/ a ____ nucleus
Variable
53
Macrophages often contain ____ in their cytoplasm
Residual bodies
54
Can macrophages divide
Yes
55
Macrophages are derived from
Monocytes
56
Macrophages are part of the _____
Mononuclear phagocyte system
| - all derived from common ancestor
57
Functions of macrophages
Phagocytosis of debris and microbes
Act as APC
Create foreign body giant cells
Release cytokines
58
Foreign body giant cells
Permanent fusion of many macrophages
59
Foreign body giant cells form in response to
Sizeable foreign substance
Some pathogens
60
Mast cells derived from
Bone marrow precursor
61
Functions of mast cells
Mediate inflamm, simple allergy, anaphylaxis, asthma
Release primary and secondary mediators
62
Primary mediators that mast cells release
Histamine
Heparin
ECF
NCF
63
Effects of histamine
Inc permeability of capillaries/venules
Vasodilation
Contraction of visceral smooth mus
64
Heparin is the _____ and is ____ to take effect
Off switch; slow
65
Heparin binds to and inactivated ___
Histamine
66
ECF
Eosinophil chemotactic factor — attracts eosinophils
67
Eosinophils will help
Limit the effects of histamine and leukotrienes
68
NCF
Neutrophil chemotactic factor — attracts neutrophils
69
Secondary mediators that mast cells release
Leukotrienes and others (cytokines)
70
Effects of leukotrienes
Same as histamine, but MUCH more powerful
Extend and amplify effects of histamine
71
Stimuli that activate mast cells
Direct trauma
Phagocytosis
IgE—allergen complex
Complement
72
Anaphylactic shock =
Circulatory shock
Leads to CV collapse
73
Extrinsic asthma
allergic asthma
Usually childhood onset
74
Intrinsic asthma
Allergen unknown
| Adult onset
75
Asthma primary problem
Release of leukotrienes
Secondary = inflamm in lungs
76
Types of leukocytes
```
Monocytes
Neutrophils (MC)
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
```
77
Monocytes become ___ in CT
Macrophages
78
Neutrophils attracted to sites of ___
Acute inflamm
79
Eosinophils attracted to sites of ____
Allergic inflamm
80
Basophils are similar to
Mast cells
Initiate/maintain/influence inflamm
81
Lymphocytes are attracted to sites of
Chronic inflamm
82
Mesenchyme cells =
Adult stem cells
83
Function of mesenchyme cells
Change into another cell type
84
Reticular cells are derived from
Mesenchyme cells
85
Function of reticular cells
Make reticular fibers when needed on a permanent basis
86
Characteristics of loose CT
More cells and cell types
Fewer fibers
Inc ground substance
Vascular
87
Types of loose CT
Loose areolar
| Loose irregular
88
Loose areolar found in
Greater/lesser omenta
| “Filler” around BV
89
Loose irregular CT locations
Dermis — papillary layer
| Beneath epi in organs
90
Dense CT characteristics
Fewer cells and cell types
Many fibers
Dec ground substance
Less vascular
91
Exception of dense CT charcteristics
Dense irregular CT in dermis
92
Types of dense CT
Dense irregular
| Dense regular
93
Dense irregular CT locations
Dermis — reticular layer
Nerve sheaths
Organ capsules
Scars
94
Dense regular CT locations
Tendons
| Ligs and aponeuroses
95
Reticular CT locations
Lymphatic and endo organs
| Bone marrow
96
2 types of adipose
White
| Brown
97
White adipose primary cell type
Unilocular white adipocytes
One large droplet
98
Functions of white adipose
Lipid storage
Produce adipokines
Store lipase
99
Lipid storage w/in adipocytes used for
Energy
Thermal insulation
Protect/cushion organs
100
Important adipokine
Leptin
101
Leptin functions
Inhibit appetite
| Influence formation of new adipose
102
Lipase functions
Break down TGs
| Split TGs to release FFA
103
Adult onset obesity
Adipocytes increase in size
104
Childhood obesity
Adipocyte numbers and size inc
105
Brown adipose cells
Smaller and multilocular
106
Brown adipose function
Thermogenesis
107
ANS promotes brown adipose
Differentiation and prevents apoptosis
108
An increase in # of cells types should lead to
Inc in healing potential
109
An increase in vasculaity should lead to
Increased healing potential
