Exam 1: Epithelium Flashcards
1
Q
Mesothelium develops from
A
Mesoderm
2
Q
Endothelium develops from
A
Endoderm
3
Q
Epithelium develops from
A
Ectoderm
4
Q
3 general functions of epithelium
A
Absorption
Secretion
Provide barrier
5
Q
Specialized functions of epithelium
A
Transport moleclues
Prevent transport (selective permeability)
Sensory
6
Q
5 basic characteristics
A
- Cells adjacent
- Basement membrane
- Avascular
- Vascular connective tissue
- Cell junctions
7
Q
Complete basement membrane parts
A
Basal lamina
Reticular lamina
8
Q
Basal lamina produced by
A
Epithelium
9
Q
Reticular lamina produced by
A
Fibroblasts in connective tissue
10
Q
Partial basement consists of
A
Basal lamina ONLY
11
Q
Functions of basement membrane
A
- Surface for epithelial attachment
- Molecular filter
- Limits stretch
- Directs migration of cells
12
Q
How do cells obtain nutrition
A
Diffusion
13
Q
Functions of vascular connective tissue
A
Provides nutrition
Source of defensive cells
14
Q
Zonula occludens AKA
A
Tight junction
15
Q
These junctions involve sharing of intrinsic membrane proteins between adjacent cells
A
Zonula occludens
16
Q
Examples of interacting proteins
A
Claudins
Occludins
17
Q
Tight junctions are always located at
A
Apex
18
Q
2 functions of zonula occludens
A
Provides strong attachment
Prevent passage of materials btw cells
19
Q
Zonula adherens AKA
A
Adhesion belt
20
Q
Zonula adherens are regions consisting of
A
Cadherins and marginal bands
21
Q
Marginal bands
A
Attach cytoskeleton to cell membrane
22
Q
Cadherins are
A
Linkage proteins between cells
23
Q
Two functions of adhesion belts
A
Strong attachment
Provide cell structural stability
24
Q
Macula adherens AKA
A
Desmosome
25
Functions of macula adherens
Provides strong attachment
26
3 major parts of desmosome
1. Cytoplasmic plaque
2. Transmembrane proteins
3. Tonofilaments
27
Gap junctions consists of
6 connexins arranges in a cylinder
28
The size of the opening of a gap junctions is controlled by
The cell
29
Connexon
1 complete structure (6 connexins)
30
2 functions of gap junctions
Strong attachment
| Transport materials btw cells
31
Junctional complex in order starting w/ free surface
Zonula occludens
Zonula adherens
Macula adherens
32
What structure will help to limit epithelial cell stretch
Basement membrane
33
What tissue is always associated w/ epithelium
Connective tissue
34
Cell junction consists of protein plaque, transmembrane proteins and tonofilaments
Macula adherens
35
Bullous pemphigoid
Autoimmune skin disease
Large blister lesions, DO heal
36
Cause of bullous pemphigoid
Antibodies to proteins in hemidesmosomes
37
Pemphigus vulgaris
Autoimmune skin disease
Skin blistering that DO NOT heal
Excessive bleeding likely
38
Cause of pemphigus vulgaris
Antibodies bind to desmosomes
39
Cholera
Acute bacterial infection of SI
40
Cause of cholera
Toxins disrupt zonula occludens
Permit loss of water and electrolytes from CT below epithelium
41
Simple epithelium
Single cell thick
42
Squamous
Flat cells
43
Example locations of simple squamous epi
Lung
Parietal layer Bowman’s capsule in kidney
Serosa on outside of organs
44
Functions of simple squamous epi
Living filter
Provide barrier
Secretion
45
Example locations of simple cuboidal epi
Exocrine ducts
Thyroid follicular cells
Prox and distal convoluted kidney tubules
46
Simple cuboidal epi functions
Absorption
Secretion
Provide barrier
47
Example locations of simple columnar epi
Stomach
SI
Gallbladder
Larger exocrine ducts
48
Functions of simple columnar epi
Absorption
Secretion
Provide barrier
49
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epi AKA
Respiratory epi
50
Example locations of respiratory epi
Trachea
Bronchi
Respiratory region of nasal cavity
51
Function of respiratory epi
Catch and move something over the surface
52
Goblet cells
Modified columnar cell
53
Function of Goblet cells
Produce mucus
54
Cilia is anchored by
Basal bodies
55
Function of ciliated columnar cells
Move mucus over the surface
56
Basal cells
Short cells
Do not reach surface
57
Function of basal cells
To be stem cell
Divide and change into another cell type
58
Microvilli AKA
Brush border
| Striated border
59
Microvilli
Finger-like projections on apical surface
Inc surface area to inc absorption
60
Example locations of microvilli
Kidney tubule cells
| SI
61
Stereocilia
Extremely long microvilli
Increase surface area
62
Stereocilia compared to microvilli
Less motile
| Rigid w/ actin core
63
Example locations of stereocilia
Epididymis
| Cochlear hair cells
64
Cilia
Thin apical hair-like extensions of cytoskeleton
65
Two points about cells w/ cilia
Cell have many mitochondria
Basal bodies block free surface so there is NO absorption or secretion
66
Example locations of cilia
Trachea
| Oviduct
67
Glycocalyx
Surface layer of glycoproteins and carbs
Protection and cell recognition
68
Example locations of glycocalyx
Stomach and SI
69
Stratified epithelium
Two or more cell layers thick
Named for shape of superficial cells
70
Example locations Stratified squamous epi
Esophagus
Oral cavity
Tongue
Vagina
71
Stratified squamous general function
Protection from abrasion in moist environment
72
Limitations of stratified squamous epi
No protection from drying
Protection is limited
73
Example location Keratinized stratified squamous
Skin
74
Function of keratinized strat squamous dpi
Protection in dry environment
75
Layers in epi of skin
1. Stratum basale
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum
5. Stratum corneum
76
3 gen functions of stratum corneum
Prevent water loss
Barrier to microbes
Protects against abrasion
77
Epi cells types in keratinized strat squamous epi
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans
Merkel
78
Keratinocytes
Divide in stratum basale
Produce keratins
Produce lipids in stratum granulosum
79
Melanocytes found in
Stratum basale
80
General functions of melanocytes
Protect from UV radiation
Determine skin color
81
Eumelanin
Darker
82
Pheomelanin
Reddish
83
Langerhans cells
Antigen presenting cells (APC)
Found in stratum spinosum
84
Merkel cells found in
Stratum basale
85
Merkel cells associated w/
Free nerve endings
Touch receptors
86
Cell type in stratum corneum
none (all dead)
87
Example locations Stratified cuboidal
Larger ducts in sweat and salivary glands
88
Strat cuboidal epi functions
Increase protection
| Barrier
89
Example locations Strat columnar epi
Pancreatic ducts
Male urethra
Conjunctiva
90
Strat columnar epi functions
Increase protection
Transition between epi types
Barrier
91
Transitional epi AKA
Urothelium
92
Example locations of transitional epi
Most of urinary tract
93
Function of transitional epi
Protection
Stretch
Barrier
94
Specializations of transitional epi
Thin, fenestrated BM
Large, rounded superficial cells
Well-developed zonula occludens
95
Psoriasis vulgaris appears as
Patchy skin lesions
96
Psoriasis vulgaris effect in dermal papillae
Inflammation
97
Psoriasis effect on cell cycle
Keratinocytes life cycle is sped up (~1 week)
98
Cells accumulate here in psoriasis vulgaris
Stratum corneum
99
Freckles result from an
Increase in the amount of melanin without an increase in melanocytes
100
Freckles
Skin spots with extra pigment that fade in the winter and darken with sun exposure
101
Vitiligo appear as
Patches without melanocytes (lighter than the skin)
102
Cause of Vitiligo
Unknown but associated with system diseases such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, Addison’s disease, pernicious anemia, and leprosy
103
Moles (naevi)
Discoloration due to a proliferation of melanocytes
104
Characteristics of Malignant Melanoma
Occur when melanocytes become mitotically active and invade the dermis. Very invasive and metastatic
105
Treatment for malignant melanoma
Surgery and chemotherapy
106
Cause of Albinism
Melanocytes don’t produce melanin
107
Common form of albinism
The tyrosinase enzyme is missing from the melanocytes
Tyrosinase catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine to melanin
108
Exocrine secretion
Product is released into a duct or directly onto an epithelial surface
109
Parenchyma
Parts involved with primary function
Ex: Biceps brachii- skeletal muscle cells
110
Storms
Parts providing mechanical or metabolic support
Ex: biceps brachii- CT, nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels
111
3 methods of exercise exocrine secretion
Merocrine, holocrine, apocrine
112
Morphology of exocrine secretion
Classifying exocrine glands by the shape of the secretory units and duct arrangement
113
Merocrine AKA
Eccrine
114
Merocrine examples
1. Goblet cells
2. Salivary glands
3. Pancreas
4. All sweat glands in children
5. Many adult sweat glands
115
Merocrine secretion
Most common method of secretion. No cell damaged with secretion
116
Examples of holocrine secretion
1. Sebaceous glands
| 2. Tarsal (meibomian) glands of eyelid
117
Holocrine secretion
Cell matures and dies
The entire cell secretes with in-tact vacuoles
Associated with odor
118
Apocrine gland examples
1. Lactating mammary glands
2. Adult pubic and auxiliary sweat glands
3. Ceremonious glands in EAC
4. Ciliary glands in eyelid
119
Apocrine gland secretion
Minimal cell damage
Some cytoplasm, membrane, and in-tact vacuoles are secreted
Associated with odor
120
Acinus
Smallest division of gland
Group of cells surrounding cavity
121
Serous demilune
Small group of serous cells attached to mucus acinus
122
Myoepithelial cells
Contractile cells
Wrap around acini
123
Myoepithelial cell locations
Salivary/sweat glands
Lacrimal glands
Lactating mammary glands
124
Myoepithelial cell function
Assist secretion
125
Serous glands produce
Proteins
126
Examples of serous glands
Pancreas
Parotid gland
Chief cells in stomach
127
Mucus gland examples
Goblet cells
Cells in stomach
Minor salivary glands
128
Mucus gland characteristics
Cells stain light
| Nucleus flat and peripheral
129
Mixed glands produce
Serous and mucus
130
Mixed glands examples
Sublingual and submandibular salivary glands
131
Mixed glands, ______ are possible
Serous demilunes
132
Exocrine regulation
Myoepithelial cells
Hormones
Blood supply
133
Increase blood will _____ O2 which will ______ secretion
Increase; increase
134
Decrease blood will _____ O2 which will _____ secretion
Decrease; decrease
