Exam #2/ Chp #1/ Belonging & Attraction Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is belonging important?

A
  • Strong, basic drive to form and maintain close social bonds
  • Evolutionarily adaptive for humans: being able to function well in a group makes us better able to acquire resources, knowledge, and even physical protection that enhance survival
  • Largest determinant of happiness and overall life satisfaction, across cultures
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2
Q

What is social isolation a predictor of?

A

poor physical and mental health

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3
Q

Lonely individuals have…

A
  • Poorer sleep quality
  • Higher rates of depression
  • Lower immune function (higher rates of infections and slower wound healing)
  • Higher rates of cardiovascular disease
  • Higher rates of all cause mortality
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4
Q

What do we need to feel like we belong?

A
  • Regular social contact with others (groups can satisfy that need) – e.g., “I have a group of people with whom I regularly spend time”
  • Close, mutually caring relationships with others (friends and lovers) – e.g., “There are people close to me in whom I can confide”
  • Most people have both, but there are gender differences
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5
Q

What are the gender differences in belonging?

A
  • Men value group belonging more than women do, but value close relationships as much
  • Women value close relationships more than they value groups
  • THUS – Men need both to be non-lonely; women can “get by” with just close relationships
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6
Q

What can social exclusion/rejection lead to?

A

Agression

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7
Q

What can reduce aggressiveness from social rejection?

A
  • However, in lab studies, even the smallest kindness (e.g., a kind word from the experimenter) wipes out post-rejection aggression (Twenge et al., 2007)
  • Even thinking about the people who love you reduces aggressive and hostile thinking (Gardner et al., 2005
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8
Q

Physiological and emotional effects of rejection:

A
  • Drop in mood and self-esteem (remember the sociometer?)

- “Hurt” feelings

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9
Q

Social pain & Physical pain

A
  • Rejection activates the physical pain regions of the brain
  • Social support (reduces social pain) reduces physical pain as well (Eisenberger et al,. 2011)
  • Tylenol (vs. placebo) reduces social pain – less hurt feelings over 3 week period, less activity in pain regions following exclusion (DeWall et al., 2010)
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10
Q

Cognitive effects of rejection

A
  • Drop in problem solving ability/IQ

- Drop in self-regulation (less restraint for indulgent items, less ability to make yourself do good things)

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11
Q

Why are cognitive effects apart of social rejection?

A

cognitive effects in part because resources are redirected toward potentially regaining acceptance/coping with rejection

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12
Q

What things are increased cognitively after reaction?

A
  • Increased attention to and memory for social information
  • Increased behavioral mimicry (because subtly mimicking the behavior of others increases their liking for us)
  • Increased accuracy in identifying social cues (facial expressions and vocal tones) and increased empathic accuracy (guessing what others are feeling and thinking)
  • Increased regulation of OTHERS’ emotional states
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13
Q

Who is most important for satisfying belonging needs?

A

Romantic partner

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14
Q

Levinger’s 5 stages of romantic relationships

A
A is for Attraction: 
B  is for Building: 
C is for Continuance: 
D is for Deterioration:	
E is for Ending:
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15
Q

The College Dance Study

A
  • 100s of single college students ‘set up’ with dates at a dance by psychologists. Rated their dates at an intermission. . . .researchers had measures of intelligence, peer-rated attractiveness, personality scales, value and attitude scales, and listings of goals, interests and hobbies
  • physical attractiveness was the only trait to indicate a 2nd date
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16
Q

What do we look for in a mate?

A
  • Intelligence
  • Physical Attractiveness
  • Wealth/Status
  • Personality (e.g. extraversion, kindness, etc.)
  • Sense of humor
  • Shared values and attitudes
  • Shared interests and goals
17
Q

Why is physical attractiveness so important?

A

Dion: The Beauty=Good Stereotype

18
Q

The Beauty=Good Stereotype

A

Beautiful people…

  • are seen as happier, coming from a better home, smarter, likely to have a good future
  • ACTUALLY achieve better educational attainment, income, and occupational prestige
  • have their bad acts excused by teachers, judges and juries
  • have more positive attention paid to them by their parents.
  • are perceived as better partners during early relationships (luckily perceptions of beauty change with time)
19
Q

Pretty vs less pretty photo of child

A

Pretty vs less pretty photo of child in a file about a behavioral event into which one child pushes another child on the playground. Behavior judged by education majors (future teachers) –playful if pretty, hostile if less pretty

20
Q

Three lines of evidence for universal, objective beauty

A
  • Inter-rater reliability within and across cultures.
  • Inter-rater reliability between adults and 2-month old babies (babies will ‘work harder’ to see beautiful people).
  • Objective correlates of beauty ratings.
21
Q

Objective correlates of beauty ratings.

A

For faces of both sexes; symmetry, prominent cheekbones, and broad smiles. Face symmetry correlated with # relationship partners

22
Q

Symmetry in biological world -good

A
  • Overgeneralization of need to gauge age and health/illness.
  • Harmless irregularities in facial features of perfectly normal people (e.g., asymmetries) can mildly resemble those associated with mental or physical illness in our evolutionary past–lowering attractiveness ratings - and the application of “beauty=good” positive attributes
23
Q

There are also cross-cultural (including cross-temporal) differences in

A

(i) beauty enhancement practices, and (ii) judgments of attractive body build (within some biological constraints, like waist/hip ratio for women).

24
Q

cultural differences in the content of beauty=good stereotype

A

Independent cultures: successful, smart, effective

Interdependent cultures: kind, sensitive, honest

25
Q

sex differences in attraction

A

Men: attractiveness, younger
Women: status/wealth, older

26
Q

Similarities in attraction for men and women

A

BOTH genders rank positive personality characteristics highest and equally (e.g., kind, smart, etc), we’re not totally shallow

27
Q

Why are there sex differences in attraction?

A

Evolution: investment in offspring’s survival –fertility cues for men and provider cues for women. Sex rank-order differences in attractiveness vs wealth are consistent in 37 cultures
-Social Role Theory

28
Q

Social Role Theory

A

these are the roles developed for men and women, thus not genetic presets but rather adaptive preferences - should see magnification or attenuation of differences as function of culture. When roles are more constrained, sex differences in ranking widens

29
Q

Evidence for social roles

A

-Eagly, Eastwick, & Johanneson-Schmidt (2009) examined preferences for status/wealth in a mate when heterosexual students imagined themselves in various future roles, or gave no instructions (control)
-Found gender differences wiped out when changed expected roles.
-Also found that preferences for wealth vs homemaking skills correlated
with expected future role –in BOTH sexes. More wife expected to provide, the less men valued homemaking skills in a spouse, and the more women did. Gender differences in preferences reflect expected complementarity of future roles.

30
Q

Similarity and Attractiveness

A
  • Couples often similar in attractiveness, education, personality, and host of other features
  • we find similarity appealing in and of itself! Strong experimental evidence that when people think they are similar to others, it enhances liking and attraction
31
Q

Economic model

A

We get the best we can

32
Q

Byrne’s Fake Questionnaire Study

A

perceived similarity = liking, strongest for attitudes (rational conscious system) but even get increased liking if similar in weird ways, like birth month or social security number (so our automatic/non-conscious system also likes similarity)

33
Q

Byrne’s Restaurant Date Study

A

couples who were randomly assigned to be told they were similar to one another (whether or not they were) sat closer together, made more eye contact, reported enjoying the date more

34
Q

Slotter’s self-change studies

A

The more romantically attracted you are to someone, the more you will change your own self-views to see yourself as similar to them (e.g., if they are artistic, suddenly you are more artistic).

35
Q

Propinquity

A

physical distance

36
Q

Festinger Westgate housing complex –who gets listed as friends?

A

-Distance matters (we are lazy)
-People on different floors tended not to become friends (2/3 listed people from same floor)
People in middle apartments were nominated as friends more often than those in end apartments
Those who lived near mailboxes or stairways were also more popular

37
Q

Why does distance matter?

A

-Repeated Exposure (Mere Exposure)

38
Q

Repeated Exposure (Mere Exposure)

A

In general, familiarity increases liking (exception – if only on paper or in profiles, more details = less liking).

39
Q

So in early interactions, should you talk about yourself OR listen to others?

A

Big effects for self-disclosure in early interactions: Increasing self-disclosure good for new relationships–and interestingly, learning about someone (having them disclose to you) leads to even higher levels of your liking for them than you disclosing to others