Exam 2: chapter 6

Question 1

Schemas

Answer 1

concepts, ideas, and ways of interacting on the world

Question 2

Assimilation

Answer 2

integrating a new experience into a pre-existing schema

Question 3

Accommodation

Answer 3

adapting and modifying a schema in light of new information

Question 4

Cognitive equilibrium

Answer 4

balance between assimilation and accommodation

Question 5

Sensorimotor Stages

Answer 5

• Birth to about 2 years
• Learn about world through senses and motor skills

Question 6

Mental Representation

Answer 6

thinking about an object using mental pictures
- Present at end of sensorimotor stage

Question 7

Sensorimotor Substage 1: Reflexes

Answer 7

(birth to 1 month)
Use reflexes to react to stimuli

Question 8

Sensorimotor Substage 2: Primary circular reactions

Answer 8

(1–4 months)
- Circular reactions: repetition of an action and its response
- Primary circular reactions: repeating actions involving body parts that produce pleasurable or interesting results

Question 9

Sensorimotor Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions

Answer 9

(4–8 months)
- Secondary circular reactions: repetitions of actions that trigger responses in external environment

Question 10

Sensorimotor Substage 4: Coordination of secondary circular reactions

Answer 10

(8–12 months)
- Purposefully coordinate two secondary circular reactions and apply them in new situations to achieve a goal
- Object permanence

Question 11

Object permanence

Answer 11

understanding the objects continue to
exist outside of sensory awareness

Question 12

Sensorimotor Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions

Answer 12

(12–18 months)
- Tertiary circular reactions: active, purposeful, trial-and-error exploration to search for new discoveries

Question 13

Sensorimotor Substage 6: Mental representation

Answer 13

(18–24 months)
- Representational thought: ability to use symbols such as words and mental pictures to represent objects and actions in memory

Question 14

A-not-B error

Answer 14

when infants are able to uncover a toy hidden behind a barrier yet when they observe the toy moved from behind one barrier (A) to another (B), they look
for toy in first place it was hidden

Question 15

Deferred Imitation

Answer 15

• ability to repeat an act performed some time ago
• Requires acting on basis of stored representations of actions (memories)

Question 16

Core Knowledge Perspective

Answer 16

Infants are born with several innate knowledge systems or core domains of thought that enable early rapid learning and adaptation

Question 17

Preoperational Reasoning

Answer 17

• Ages 2–6 years
• Dramatic leap in use of symbolic thinking that permits young children to use language, interact with others, and play using their own thoughts and imaginations to guide their behavior
• Egocentrism
• Animism
• Centration
• irreversibility

Question 18

Egocentrism

Answer 18

• Preoperational Reasoning
• Inability to take another person’s
  perspective

Question 19

Animism

Answer 19

• Preoperational Reasoning
• Belief that inanimate objects are alive and have feelings and intentions

Question 20

Centration

Answer 20

• Preoperational Reasoning
• Tendency to focus on one part of a stimulus or situation and exclude all others

Question 21

Appearance-reality distinction

Answer 21

• Preoperational Reasoning
• task that requires preoperational child to distinguish what something appears to be from what it really is

Question 22

Irreversibility

Answer 22

• Preoperational Reasoning
• Do not understand that reversing a process can often undo it and restore the original state

Question 23

Concrete Operational Reasoning

Answer 23

• Ages 6–11 years
• Gain capacity to use logic to solve problems
• More sophisticated understanding of physical world

Question 24

Conservation for Concrete Operational Reasoning

Answer 24

Object Identity: understanding that certain characteristics of an object do not change despite superficial changes to the object’s appearance

Reversibility: an object can be returned to its original state

Question 25

Classification for Concrete Operational Reasoning

Answer 25

- Ability to understand hierarchies, to simultaneously consider relations between a general category and more specific subcategories

Question 26

Seriation

Answer 26

- Concrete Operational Reasoning - ability to order objects in a series according to a physical dimension

Question 27

Transitive inference

Answer 27

- Concrete Operational Reasoning - ability to infer the relationship between two objects by understanding each object’s relationship to a third

Question 28

Formal Operational Reasoning

Answer 28

* Beginning around 11 years of age * Ability to think abstractly, logically, and systematically * Reason about ideas * Hypothetical-deductive reasoning: ability to consider problems, generate and systematically test hypotheses, and draw conclusions

Question 29

Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Answer 29

- Formal Operational Reasoning - ability to consider problems, generate and systematically test hypotheses, and draw conclusions

Question 30

Pragmatic Thought

Answer 30

Emphasizes the use of logic to address everyday problems

Question 31

Cognitive Affective Complexity

Answer 31

Capacity to be aware of emotions, integrate positive and negative feelings about an issue, and regulate intense emotions to make logical decisions about complicated issues

Question 32

Postformal Reasoning

Answer 32

integrates abstract reasoning with practical considerations

Question 33

Dualistic Thinking

Answer 33

polar reasoning in which knowledge and accounts of phenomena are viewed as either right or wrong with no in-between

Question 34

Relativistic Thinking

Answer 34

most knowledge is viewed as relative, dependent on the situation and thinker

Question 35

Reflective Judgment

Answer 35

reasoning that synthesizes contradictions among perspectives