Exam 1: Chapter 1 Flashcards
List the Principles of Human Development
- Multidimensional
- Multidirectional
- Plastic
- Influenced by multiple contexts
- Multidisciplinary
What does Development Is Multidimensional mean?
it means development is affected by the interactions between Physical, Cognitive, and Socioemotional aspects of life.
what does Development Is Multidirectional mean?
it means development consists of both gains and losses, growth and decline, throughout lifespan
What does Development Is Plastic mean?
meaning it has Malleability or changeability
Resilience: capacity to adapt effectively to adverse contexts or circumstances
What does Development Is Influenced by Multiple Contexts mean?
development is influenced by:
Context: where and when a person develops
Cohort: generation of people born at the same time
what does Developmental Science Is Multidisciplinary mean?
Contributions of many disciplines are needed to understand how people grow, think, and interact with the world.
Nature–nurture issue
The argument of how much a child’s development is influenced by genetics vs environment
Continuities and Discontinuities in Development
Continuity: Development involves gradual, cumulative change
Discontinuity: Development involves distinct stages
Developmentalists who believe in:
nurture -> continuity
nature -> discontinuity
Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
-Behavior is driven by unconscious impulses outside our awareness.
-stages only happen up to adulthood
-Psychosexual stages
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Each stage - unique developmental task with a crisis that must be resolved
The more successfully an individual resolves the crises, the healthier development will be
-stages happen throughout lifespan
Psychoanalytic Theories
-Development and behavior are result of interplay of inner drives, memories, and conflicts we are unaware of and cannot control.
-Two major psychoanalytic theories:
Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Behaviorism
examines only observable behavior and believes all behavior is influenced by physical and social environment
Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning
Social Learning Theory
new behaviors can be acquired by observing and imitating others
Observational learning
People learn through observing
Reciprocal determinism
Individuals and environment interact and influence each other
Cognitive Theories
Examine the role of thought on behavior
Two Major Cognitive Theories:
-Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
-Information Processing Theory
Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Children and adults are active explorers of their world.
Cognitive schemas: concepts, ideas, and ways of interacting in the world
Stages of cognitive development
Cognitive schemas
concepts, ideas, and ways of interacting in the world
Information Processing Theory
Information enters and is manipulated, stored, recalled, and used to solve problems.
Sociocultural Systems Theory
Emphasizes role of sociocultural context in development
Two Major Sociocultural Systems Theories:
-Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
-Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Examines how culture is transmitted from one generation to the next through social interaction
Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory
Development is result of interactions among biological, cognitive, and psychological changes within person and their changing context.
Individuals are embedded in, or surrounded by, series of contexts.
Ethology and Evolutionary Developmental Theory
Applies principles of evolution to understand development.
(Applies principles of evolution and scientific knowledge about interactive influence of genetic and environmental mechanisms to understand development.)
Self-Report
measures where person under study answers questions about his or her experiences, attitudes, opinions, beliefs, and behavior
Observational methods
collect and organize information based on watching and monitoring people’s behavior
Physiological measures
measure physiological indicators of cognition, emotion, and behavior
Case Study
in-depth examination of a single person (or small group of individuals)
Correlational Research
examines relations among measured characteristics, behaviors, and events
Experimental Research
procedure that uses control to determine causal relationships among variables
Cross-sectional study
compare groups of people of different ages at one time
Longitudinal study
study one group of participants at many points in time
Sequential study
assess multiple cohorts over time
Five ethical principles
Beneficence and nonmaleficence–do good and not do harm
Responsibility–adhering to professional standards of conduct
Integrity–be accurate, honest, and truthful
Justice–benefits and risks of participation should be spread equitably
Respect for autonomy–respect participants’ ability to make and implement decisions
freud’s psychosexual stages
Oral – sucking behaviour (0-18 months)
Anal – holding or discarding faeces (18 months – 3.5 years)
Phallic – fixation on genitals (3.5 – 6 years)
Latency – repressed sexual urges (6 years - puberty)
Genital – awakened sexual urges (puberty onwards)
erikson’s psychosocial theory stages
Trust vs. Mistrust (0 to 18 months)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2 to 3 years)
Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 5 years)
Industry vs. Inferiority (6 to 11 years)
Identity vs. Confusion (12 to 18 years)
Intimacy vs. Isolation (19 to 40 years)
Generativity vs. Stagnation (40 to 65 years)
Integrity vs. Despair (65 years to death)
Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental stages
sensorimotor stage (0-2 years old)
object permanence
preoperational stage (2-7 years old) symbolic thought
concrete operational stage (7-11 years old)
operational thought
formal operational stage (12 years and older)
abstract concepts
