Exam 1: Chapter 3 Flashcards
Cephalocaudal development
growth proceeds from head downward
Proximodistal development
growth proceeds from center of body outward
Puberty
- biological transition to adulthood, in which adolescents mature physically and become capable of reproduction
- Driven by hormones regulated by hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG)
Hormones in puberty are regulated by:
hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG)
Testosterone
hormone responsible for male sex characteristics
estrogen
hormone responsible for female sex characteristics
Secondary Sex Characteristics
body changes that indicate physical maturation but are not directly related to fertility
Primary Sex Characteristics
body changes that are directly related to fertility
-Females: marked by menarche (first menstruation) and growth of uterus and ovaries
-Males: marked by spermarche (first ejaculation) and growth of testes, penis, and scrotum
What is considered Early and Late Puberty for boys and girls
Early: before 8 (girls) or 9 (boys)
Late: after 13 (girls) or 14 (boys
Psychosocial Effects of Early and Late Puberty
Off-timed puberty linked with anxiety and depressed mood
Early maturation linked with more problems than late maturation (especially for females)
Senescence
pattern of gradual age-related declines in physical functioning
Menopause
-end of ovulation and menstruation
Average age of Menopause
51
Perimenopause
transition to menopause
effects of loss of estrogen due to Menopause
linked to increase risk of cardiovascular disease, loss of bone mass, increase risk for osteoporosis
Reproductive Changes in Men in adulthood
-Gradual, steady decline in reproductive ability
-Number and quality of sperm
produced decline.
-Levels of testosterone can shift dramatically in response to stress and illness.
Theories of Aging: Wear and Tear
-Body wears out from use.
-Research shows “use it or lose it.”
Theories of Aging: Programmed Genetics
-Rate of aging is influenced by DNA and heredity.
-However, context and lifestyle have large influence too.
Theories of Aging: Caloric Restriction
Nutritious diet that is extremely low in calories is associated with longer lifespan.
Theories of Aging: Aging Immune System
With age, immune system is less able to differentiate healthy cells from pathology and may direct body’s defenses against healthy cells instead of harmful cells
Theories of Aging: Cellular Mutation
Aging results from damage to DNA and chromosomes, leading to increase in cellular mutations that result in age-related diseases and cancers
Theories of Aging: Free Radicals
(highly reactive and corrosive substances that form when cells are exposed to oxygen) destroy DNA, proteins, and other cellular materials and contribute to age-related diseases and cancers.
Theories of Aging: Reduced Capacity for Cell Division
Each time cells divide, telomeres become shorter, protecting cells from mutations that occur with repeated divisions but also reducing a cell’s capacity to reproduce itself. Eventually telomeres become so short the cell stops dividing, diseases increase, and cells die.
Malnutrition
-Devastating effects on physical and cognitive growth
-Over ¼ of the world’s children under age 5 are moderately or severely underweight.
Marasmus
-wasting disease in which body’s fat and muscle are depleted
-Caused by diet that is chronically insufficient in protein and calories
Kwashiorkor
-malnutritive disease found in children who experience sudden deprivation of food and calories
-Symptoms: lethargy, wrinkled skin, bloating and swelling of stomach, face, legs, and arms
Calorie consumption in adulthood
Require fewer calories – need nutrient dense food
