Exam 2 - Chapter 19 Flashcards
what happens to the plantar fat pad in old age?
shrinks and degenerates
what happens to the skin on the feet of older adults?
- drier
- less elastic
- cooler
- thinner
what are the are-related changes expected in toenails of older adults?
- more brittle
- less resistant to fungal infection
- thicker
subcutaneous tissue on dorsum and sides of foot becomes thinner in old age
true
what is a possible reason for an older adult to have decreased ROM?
degenerative joint disease
what are common foot problems among older adults?
- calluses
- bunions
- hammer toe
- onchomycosis
what are calluses?
thick compacted skin formed from prolonged pressure
what are bunions?
bony deformities that form on the great toe from chronic squeezing
define hammer toe
permanently flexed toe
what is onchomycosis?
a condition of the nails that makes it thick, yellow, brown, brittle, and opaque
fungal infection
how are calluses treated?
- padding in footwear
- OTC callus remover (avoid sharp tools)
- daily lubrication of feet
- use well-fitted shoes
how are bunions treated?
- surgery
- steroid injections
- anti-inflammatory pain medications
- custom-made shoes that provide forefront space
how are hammer toes treated?
- surgery
- well-fitted shoes
- professional orthotics
how is onchymycosis treated?
- oral medications
- photodynamic therapy
- keep toes clean, dry, and regularly exposed to sun and air
why is onchymycosis hard to treat?
- limited circulation to toenails
- oral medications have limited effectiveness & may be highly toxic to heart and liver
what are the factors that increase fall risk?
- unsteady gait
- cognitive impairment
- reduced vision and hearing
- medications
- chronic illness
- orthostatic hypotension