Exam 2 - Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

what happens to the plantar fat pad in old age?

A

shrinks and degenerates

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2
Q

what happens to the skin on the feet of older adults?

A
  • drier
  • less elastic
  • cooler
  • thinner
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3
Q

what are the are-related changes expected in toenails of older adults?

A
  • more brittle
  • less resistant to fungal infection
  • thicker
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4
Q

subcutaneous tissue on dorsum and sides of foot becomes thinner in old age

A

true

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5
Q

what is a possible reason for an older adult to have decreased ROM?

A

degenerative joint disease

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6
Q

what are common foot problems among older adults?

A
  • calluses
  • bunions
  • hammer toe
  • onchomycosis
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7
Q

what are calluses?

A

thick compacted skin formed from prolonged pressure

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8
Q

what are bunions?

A

bony deformities that form on the great toe from chronic squeezing

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9
Q

define hammer toe

A

permanently flexed toe

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10
Q

what is onchomycosis?

A

a condition of the nails that makes it thick, yellow, brown, brittle, and opaque

fungal infection

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11
Q

how are calluses treated?

A
  • padding in footwear
  • OTC callus remover (avoid sharp tools)
  • daily lubrication of feet
  • use well-fitted shoes
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12
Q

how are bunions treated?

A
  • surgery
  • steroid injections
  • anti-inflammatory pain medications
  • custom-made shoes that provide forefront space
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13
Q

how are hammer toes treated?

A
  • surgery
  • well-fitted shoes
  • professional orthotics
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14
Q

how is onchymycosis treated?

A
  • oral medications
  • photodynamic therapy
  • keep toes clean, dry, and regularly exposed to sun and air
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15
Q

why is onchymycosis hard to treat?

A
  • limited circulation to toenails
  • oral medications have limited effectiveness & may be highly toxic to heart and liver
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16
Q

what are the factors that increase fall risk?

A
  • unsteady gait
  • cognitive impairment
  • reduced vision and hearing
  • medications
  • chronic illness
  • orthostatic hypotension
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17
Q

what are things to include in educating about proper foot care?

A
  • annual foot examination
  • care of toenails
  • diabetic foot care
  • proper footwear
  • orthotic shoes
18
Q

what is indicated in an annual foot examination?

A
  • identify risk factors for ulcers and amputations
  • assess for loss of protective sensation and pedal pulses
19
Q

what is best practice for cutting nails?

A
  • best time to cut after bath
  • soak for 20-30 minutes
  • clip straight across
  • filing to make straight edge
20
Q

which group people should not have pedicures in commercial establishments?

A
  • diabetics
  • those with PVD
21
Q

what is a leading consequence of falls?

A

hip fractures

22
Q

what is a consequence of having fallophobia?

A

restricts an individual’s perception of their own function

which leads to increased fall risk

23
Q

how does fallophobia affect an older patient’s life?

A
  • decreases mobility, safety and function
  • increases fall risk
24
Q

how do nurses contribute to enabling fallophobia?

A
  • telling patients not to get up by themselves
  • using restrictive devices (promotes dependence)
25
Q

what are the major assessment tools for falls?

A
  • Hendrich II
  • Morse
26
Q

what test does the Hendrich II include?

A

Get Up and Go

27
Q

what are the components of the Hendrich II model?

A
  • male gender
  • vertigo
  • depression
  • confusion
  • altered elimination
  • antiepileptics
  • bezodiazepines
  • “get up and go”
28
Q

what makes Morse Fall Scale different from Hendrich II?

A

more appropriate for use in acute care settings rather than LTC

29
Q

what are the components of the Morse Fall Scale?

A
  • fall history
  • secondary diagnosis
  • ambulatory aid
  • IV access
  • gait
  • mental status
30
Q

major risk factors of falls

A
  • orthostatic hypotension
  • cognitive impairment
  • medications
  • weakness and fraility
  • environmental factors
  • impaired vision and hearing
31
Q

what is included in the “fall bundle”?

A
  • arm bands
  • signs
  • education
  • risk assessment
  • footwear
  • assisted toileting
32
Q

interventions for falls

A
  • environmental modifications
  • assistive devices
  • wheelchairs
  • alarms
  • motion sensors
  • safe client handling
33
Q

what are the measures for fall prevention?

A
  • vision screening
  • medication reduction
  • assess for syncope and postural hypotension
  • provide hip protectors
  • fall prevention education
34
Q

types of restraints

A
  • vest
  • belt
  • mitten
  • bedrails
  • geriatric chairs
  • medication
35
Q

when are restraints typically used in the hospital setting?

A
  • ICU
  • on patients with dementia & medical devices
36
Q

why do nurses use restraints in ICU?

A

prevent tube dislodgment related to greater frequency of invasive lines & mechanical ventilation

37
Q

physical restraints should NOT be used to manage behavioral symptoms

A

true

38
Q

daily evaluation of the necessity of medical devices (catheter, IV, tubes) is a nursing responsibility

A

true

39
Q

best practice for restraints

A
  • remove when deemed unnecessary
  • preoperative teaching regarding devices
  • use mitts instead of wrist restraints
  • roll belts rather than vests
  • remove restraints while working with the patient
  • have IV lines out of sight
40
Q

cons for restraints

A
  • do not prevent falls
  • might exacerbate problems
  • asphyxiation
  • pressure ulcer
  • agitation
  • cognitive decline
  • depression
41
Q

how can the nurse prevent falls related to restraint-free care?

A
  • anticipate patient’s needs
  • assess for incontinence/ nocturia
  • reduce injury potential
  • provide visual/ physical cues
  • reduce sleep disturbances