Exam 2 (Ch 4-6) Flashcards
When you see something
energy comes from the object into your eyes
True or False, People see little or no color in the periphery of their visual field.
True
True or False, You can detect faint light (like a distant star in a dark sky) best in the center of your retina.
False
Where are the receptors that light must strike, in order for you to see it? In the _______.
Retina
True or False, Because all the axons exit from the eye at the same place, everyone has a blind spot.
True
As light passes through the eye it is first focused by the __________, which always focuses light in the same way, and the __________, which is flexible and enables focusing on objects at different distances by varying its thickness.
cornea……lens
Which part of the human retina has the best color vision?
The Fovea
Rods and cones are located in the
Retina
People are color-blind in the ___ of the eye because that area has few or no ___.
periphery… cones
According to the trichromatic theory (Young-Helmholtz theory) of color vision, how do we perceive the difference between one color and another?
by the relative amount of excitation of three types of cones
According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, how do we perceive color?
by a red-green system, a yellow-blue system, and a black-white system.
Which of the following most directly supports the opponent-process theory of color vision?
A-We can recognize all colors even while wearing tinted glasses.
B-It is possible to match any color of light by mixing three other colors.
C-We see negative afterimages after staring at a bright-colored image.
D-Rods and cones contribute to vision in different ways.
C-We see negative afterimages after staring at a bright-colored image.
Which of these observations gave rise to the retinex theory of color vision?
A-It is possible to match any color by mixing three other colors
B-The apparent color of an object depends on the color of nearby objects.
C-Color vision is well developed in the fovea but not in the periphery.
D-Most people who have trouble seeing red have trouble seeing green as well.
B-The apparent color of an object depends on the color of nearby objects.
The frequency of sound waves is most closely related to which aspect of our hearing?
Pitch
The loudness of a sound relates most closely to which physical aspect of sound waves?
amplitude
Sound waves are carried through the ear by three tiny bones to a fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure called the
cochlea
The vestibular system is responsible for which kind of sensation?
Position of the head
In what way do hurt feelings resemble physical pain, if at all?
Hurt feelings activate sensory areas of the brain the same way pain does.
Endorphins stimulate the same receptors as which of these drugs?
morphine
Capsaicin, the chemical that makes jalapeno peppers taste hot, is sometimes used for what?
to relieve pain associated with aching muscles
What causes a phantom limb (reporting sensations from an amputated limb)?
sprouting of axons to other areas of the somatosensory cortex
In adult humans, where are the taste buds located?
The taste receptors are located around the small structures known as papillae found on the upper surface of the tongue, soft palate, upper esophagus, the cheek, and epiglottis.
How many types of olfactory receptors does a person have?
Hundreds
When people try to judge whether a stimulus is present or absent, they make correct judgments, misses, and false alarms. The study of their answers is known as
signal-detection theory.
What is the slogan of Gestalt psychology?
The whole is different from the sum of its parts.
Which of the following is a binocular cue to depth perception? A. relative sizes of objects B. shadows C. motion parallax D. retinal disparity
D-retinal disparity
An investigator who uses a cross-sectional design
examines different groups of people at the same time.
An investigator who uses a longitudinal design
examines a single group of people at several times as they age.
On average, young adults today know more about computers than do their parents, who know more than the grandparents. This difference is probably an example of
a cohort effect.
Which of the following is often a cause of brain abnormalities in newborns?
A.The mother gained weight during pregnancy.
B. The mother had “morning sickness” during pregnancy.
C. The mother drank large amounts of alcohol during pregnancy.
D. The mother exercised frequently during pregnancy.
C-The mother drank large amounts of alcohol during pregnancy.
How does drinking too much alcohol harm the brain of a woman’s developing fetus?
by decreasing excitation of neurons in the fetus’s brain
Which of these attracts the most attention by a 2-day-old human infant?
A. solid white picture.
B. narrow diagonally striped pattern.
C. drawing of a human face.
D. solid red picture.
C- drawing of a human face.
What is the evidence that a newborn infant prefers the sound of his/her own mother’s voice to that of other women?
The infant sucks harder when sucking turns on the sound of the mother’s voice.
What was Jean Piaget’s summary about children’s thinking?
It is qualitatively different from adults’.
In Piaget’s terminology, what is it that sometimes gets assimilated and sometimes gets accommodated?
A schema
According to Piaget, applying an old schema to a new object or problem is called
assimilation
The order of stages in Piaget’s theory of development is:
sensorimotor–preoperational–concrete operations–formal operations
A child who is familiar with an iPad tries to control a television the same way. She is showing
assimilation
To test for the concept of object permanence, Piaget would watch whether the child can
reach around a barrier to get an object that the child no longer sees.
What did Piaget mean by the term “egocentric?”
seeing the world only from your own perspective
A psychologist shows a child two rows of coins and then spreads out one row and asks which row has more. Which Piagetian concept is she probably testing?
A-object permanence
B- formal operations
C- conservation
D-assimilation
C- conservation
According to Piaget, children in the concrete-operations stage
have trouble with
abstract and hypothetical questions.
Below are descriptions of four children. Which one is in Piaget’s stage of formal operations?
A-performs well on tests of object permanence; still has trouble with conservation
B- systematically plans approaches to hypothetical questions
C-does not speak in complete sentences; fails tests of object permanence
D- understands conservation but has trouble with abstract and hypothetical questions
B-systematically plans approaches to hypothetical questions
In contrast to the views based on Piaget’s work, the Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky argued that educators should consider a child’s
zone of proximal development.
What did Vygotsky mean by the term “the zone of proximal development”?
The difference between what a child does alone and what the child does with help.
Erik Erikson’s eight stages of human development dealt with which aspect of behavior?
social and emotional conflicts
What was a key point of Erik Erikson’s stages of development?
Emotional difficulties in one stage will impair development in the next.
If someone has difficulty forming close attachments, Erik Erikson would seek an explanation in terms of what?
experiences at earlier stages
According to Erik Erikson, the main concern of a newborn infant is
forming a trusting attachment.
People differ greatly in their tendency to be active or inactive, outgoing or reserved. These tendencies are known as
Temperament
According to Erik Erikson, the identity crisis (the question “Who am I?”) is of greatest concern to people of what age?
adolescents
What is meant by the term “identity moratorium”?
considering decisions about one’s life without yet making any decisions
What is meant by the term “identity foreclosure?”
reaching firm decisions about one’s life without much thought
Behaviorism began, in part, as a protest against psychologists who tried to study
mental experiences.
Of the following, which is a behaviorist most likely to study?
A- animal learning
B- unconscious thought processes
C- repressed memories
D- higher motives, including self-actualization
A - animal learning
Which response did Pavlov measure in most of his experiments?
salivation
What is a conditioned response?
a learned response to the conditioned
stimulus
On the first trial of an experiment on classical conditioning, the CS elicits __________ and the UCS elicits __________.
no response…the UCR
A psychologist conducts an experiment on classical conditioning. Which of the following will NOT be present on the first trial? A- conditioned response B- conditioned stimulus C-unconditioned stimulus D-unconditioned response
A-conditioned response
In Pavlov’s experiment the __________ was similar to the __________.
CR…..UCR
Pavlov paired the presentation of food with a sound and measured salivation to each. In this experiment the sound was the
conditioned stimulus.
Your clock makes a clicking sound just before the alarm goes off. Even though you didn’t wake up to the clicking sound initially, now you do, due to classical conditioning. The loud alarm is a/an
UCS
After classically conditioning some response, how might one produce extinction of the response?
Repeatedly present the CS alone, without the UCS.
What is spontaneous recovery?
an increase in responding after a delay following extinction
Someone who learns to avoid a poisonous mushroom also avoids a similar looking, but harmless mushroom. This behavior is an example of
generalization
A dog is conditioned to salivate when it hears one sound but not another. This effect is called
discrimination
Thorndike measured how fast cats escaped from puzzle boxes. He argued that the cats showed no insight or understanding, because if they did gain an understanding,
their speed of escaping would have increased suddenly at some point.
According to Thorndike, reinforcement is an event that
increases the probability of the preceding response.
The main difference between classical and operant conditioning is that in operant conditioning
the animal’s behavior controls the outcomes (including reinforcers).
To determine whether a particular example of learning is classical conditioning or operant conditioning, which question should one ask?
Does the individual’s behavior control the delivery of reinforcement?
Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?
A- the sight of your home after a long trip
B- money
C-good grades in school
D- food
D- Food
Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
A- electric shock
B- Tone
C- finding a cool place on a very hot day
D- food
B- Tone
The threat of cancer is not always effective in discouraging people from smoking. Why not?
The punishment is slow and unpredictable.
What do positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement have in common with each other?
They both strengthen a behavior.
The terms “positive” and “negative” in positive and negative reinforcement refer to whether
something is presented or removed.
Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization in operant conditioning?
A- You react emotionally when your friend gives you an unexpected gift.
B- You get a good grade by studying a certain way for your sociology class, so you use the same study technique for your psychology class.
C-You try several methods of studying for your psychology exam.
D-Your sociology professor focuses on vocabulary words, so you memorize words for that class, but not other classes.
B-You get a good grade by studying a certain way for your sociology class, so you use the same study technique for your psychology class.
Shaping (in the context of operant conditioning) means
reinforcing successive approximations to a behavior.
The more lottery tickets you buy, the greater your chances of winning. However, you have no way of knowing how many tickets you will have to buy before you win. It might be fewer than ten; it might be more than a million. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?
Variable Ratio
Your boss provides free coffee and donuts daily at 10:30 am. Showing up at the right time and place is reinforced on which schedule?
fixed interval
If you like to go fishing, and the fish are biting on some days and not others, you are reinforced on which schedule?
variable-interval
