Chapter 6 Terms, Summary & Review Questions

Question 1

Acquisition

Answer 1

process that establishes or strengthens a conditioned response

Question 2

Behaviorism

Answer 2

the theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns.

Question 3

Blocking effect

Answer 3

phenomenon in which the previously established association to one stimulus blocks the formation of an association to an added stimulus

Question 4

Classical Conditioning (or Pavlovian conditioning)

Answer 4

process by which an organism learns a new association between a neutral stimulus and one that already evokes a reflexive response

Question 5

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 5

whatever response the conditioned stimulus elicits as a result of the conditioning (training) procedure

Question 6

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 6

response that depends on the preceding conditions

Question 7

Discrimination

Answer 7

the ability to perceive and respond to differences among stimuli. It is considered a more advanced form of learning than generalization. the ability to perceive similarities, although animals can be trained to discriminate as well as to generalize.

Question 8

Drug Tolerance

Answer 8

weakened effects of a drug after someone has taken the drug repeatedly

Question 9

Extinction

Answer 9

(a) in classical conditioning, the process that weakens a conditioned response by presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus; (b) in operant conditioning, the process that weakens a response when it no longer leads to reinforcement

Question 10

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 10

temporary return of an extinguished response after a delay

Question 11

Stimulus generalization

Answer 11

(a) in classical conditioning, the extension of a conditioned response from the training stimulus to similar stimuli; (b) in operant conditioning, the tendency to respond to a new stimulus in a way similar to the response to the originally reinforced stimulus

Question 12

StimulusResponse Psychology

Answer 12

field that attempts to explain behavior in terms of how each stimulus triggers a response

Question 13

Unconditioned Reflex

Answer 13

automatic connection between a stimulus such as food and a response such as secreting digestive juices

Question 14

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Answer 14

action that the unconditioned stimulus elicits

Question 15

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Answer 15

event that automatically elicits an unconditioned response

Question 16

Which of the following did behaviorists reject?

A- The study of conscious thought
B- The principle of parsimony
C- Darwins theory of evolution
D- The use of scientific methods in psychology

Answer 16

A- The study of conscious thought

Question 17

In what way is the term stimulus-response psychology more appropriate for Jacques Loeb than for the behaviorists of today?

A- Todays behaviorists agree that thoughts and emotions are the true causes of behavior.
B- Todays behaviorists study only humans, not other species.
C- Todays behaviorists recognize that sleepiness and other internal processes modify responses to a stimulus.
D- Todays behaviorists study only the stimuli and not the responses.

Answer 17

C- Todays behaviorists recognize that sleepiness and other internal processes modify responses to a stimulus.

Question 18

At the start of training, the CS elicitsand the UCS elicits. After repetitions of the CS followed by the UCS, the CS elicitsand the UCS elicits .

A- CR … CR … UCR … UCR
B- CR … UCR … CR … UCR
C- no response … UCR … CR … UCR
D- UCS … UCR … UCR … CR

Answer 18

C- no response … UCR … CR … UCR

Question 19

How does extinction differ from forgetting?

A- Extinction is more complete and more permanent.
B- Forgetting depends on changes in brain activity. Extinction does not.
C- Extinction depends on changes in brain activity. Forgetting does not.
D- Forgetting depends on passage of time. Extinction depends on a specific experience.

Answer 19

D- Forgetting depends on passage of time. Extinction depends on a specific experience.

Question 20

Suppose an individual undergoes extinction, and then a delay ensues with no exposure to either the CS or the UCS. What will probably happen?

A- Forgetting
B- Consolidation
C- Spontaneous recovery
D- Stimulus discrimination

Answer 20

C- Spontaneous recovery

Question 21

What evidence indicates that rats tolerance to morphine injections is at least partly due to classical conditioning?

A- Rats that have been exposed repeatedly to morphine salivate when they receive morphine.
B- Rats that have developed a tolerance to morphine salivate when they receive morphine.
C- Repeated injections of salt water increase the later effects of morphine.
D- Repeated injections of salt water decrease the later effects of morphine.

Answer 21

C- Repeated injections of salt water increase the later effects of morphine.

Question 22

Which of the following is evidence against Pavlovs explanation for classical conditioning?

A- Conditioning always occurs if a CS repeatedly precedes the UCS.
B- Other things being equal, longer CSUCS delays lead to weaker evidence of conditioning.
C- In some cases the CR is different from the UCR.

Answer 22

C- In some cases the CR is different from the UCR.

Question 23

Rats repeatedly received one stimulus followed by a UCS. Then they repeatedly received that stimulus and a second stimulus, followed by the same UCS. What happened, and what is this phenomenon called?

A- Rats stopped responding to either of the two stimuli. This is the spontaneous recovery effect.
B- Rats learned to respond equally to the first and second stimuli. This is the stimulus generalization effect.
C- Rats started responding to the second stimulus instead of the first stimulus. This is the blocking effect.
D- Rats showed little response to the second stimulus. This is the blocking effect.

Answer 23

D- Rats showed little response to the second stimulus. This is the blocking effect.

Question 24

Behaviorism.

Answer 24

Behaviorists insist that psychologists should study behaviors and not internal states such as intentions or expectations. Previous events led to the internal states, and therefore those events are the real causes of behavior.

Question 25

Behaviorists interest in learning.

Answer 25

Behaviorists goal is to explain behavior without relying on terms such as idea or understanding. Much of invertebrate behavior can be described in simple terms, but the greater challenge was to explain learning.

Question 26

Classical conditioning.

Answer 26

Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning, the process by which an association forms between a neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) and one that initially evokes a reflexive response (the unconditioned stimulus). The result is a new response (the conditioned response) to the conditioned stimulus.

Question 27

Extinction.

Answer 27

A conditioned response can be extinguished by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus by itself.

Question 28

Spontaneous recovery.

Answer 28

If the conditioned stimulus is not presented at all for some time after extinction and is then presented again, the conditioned response may return. The return is called spontaneous recovery.

Question 29

Stimulus generalization.

Answer 29

A conditioned response to a stimulus will extend to other stimuli to the extent that they resemble the trained stimulus.

Question 30

Discrimination.

Answer 30

Animals (including people) learn to respond differently to stimuli that predict different outcomes.

Question 31

Drug tolerance.

Answer 31

Drug tolerance results in part from classical conditioning. The drug administration procedure comes to evoke defensive responses.

Question 32

Basis for classical conditioning.

Answer 32

Pavlov believed that conditioning occurred because presenting two stimuli close to each other in time developed a connection between their brain representations. Later research showed that animals do not treat the conditioned stimulus as if it were the unconditioned stimulus. Also, being close in time is not enough. Learning occurs if the first stimulus predicts the second stimulus.