Chapter 9 Key Terms, Summary & Review Questions

Question 1

achievement

Answer 1

what someone has already learned, or crystallized intelligence

Question 2

aptitude

Answer 2

ability to learn, or fluid intelligence

Question 3

adaptive testing

Answer 3

the range of items used that is adapted to the performance of the individual

Question 4

crystallized intelligence

Answer 4

acquired skills and knowledge and the ability to apply that knowledge in specific situations

Question 5

fluid intelligence

Answer 5

power of reasoning, using information, and solving new problems

Question 6

g

Answer 6

general intellectual ability

Question 7

intelligence quotient (IQ) tests

Answer 7

procedures that try to predict someone’s performance in school and similar settings

Question 8

mental age

Answer 8

average age of children who perform as well as a given child

Question 9

multiple intelligences

Answer 9

unrelated forms of intelligence

Question 10

Progressive Matrices

Answer 10

the Most Widely Used Culture-Reduced Test

Question 11

psychometric approach

Answer 11

measurement of individual differences in performance

Question 12

s

Answer 12

specific intellectual ability

Question 13

Stanford-Binet IQ test

Answer 13

procedure designed by Binet and Simon and later modified for English speakers by Stanford psychologists

Question 14

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Fourth Edition (WAIS–IV)

Answer 14

IQ test originally devised by David Wechsler, and later modified by others

Question 15

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Fifth Edition (WISC–V)

Answer 15

IQ test originally devised by David Wechsler, commonly used with children

Question 16

What evidence did Spearman have for the existence of g?

A-Scores of monozygotic twins correlate highly with each other.

B-Scores on any test of intelligent performance correlate positively with scores on other tests.

C-Children who are identified as intellectually gifted tend to become highly productive adults.

D-On the average, intelligence scores are equal for males and females.

Answer 16

B-Scores on any test of intelligent performance correlate positively with scores on other tests.

Question 17

On average, how does intelligence change from young adulthood to old adulthood?

A-Both fluid and crystallized intelligence decline.

B-Fluid intelligence declines, but crystallized intelligence remains constant or increases.

C-Fluid intelligence remains constant or increases, but crystallized intelligence declines.

D-Both fluid and crystallized intelligence remain constant or increase.

Answer 17

B-Fluid intelligence declines, but crystallized intelligence remains constant or increases.

Question 18

Many educators maintain that different children have different learning styles, such as visual learner or auditory learner. What does the evidence say about this proposal?

A-Most children are visual learners and only a few are auditory learners.

B-Most children are auditory learners and only a few are visual learners.

C-About 50% are visual learners and 50% are auditory learners.

D-The research does not support the idea of different styles of learning.

Answer 18

D-The research does not support the idea of different styles of learning.

Question 19

What evidence would demonstrate the existence of an intellectual ability separate from g?

A-People with this ability do well on all measures of intelligent behavior.

B-People with this ability do not do well in school.

C-The ability predicts some type of intelligent behavior but has a low correlation with the tests that measure g.

Answer 19

C-The ability predicts some type of intelligent behavior but has a low correlation with the tests that measure g.

Question 20

What was the original purpose of Binet’s first IQ test?

A-to select the brightest students for advanced training

B-to compare the performance of ethnic groups

C-to determine the relationship between intelligence and brain size

D-to identify slow learners who needed special education

Answer 20

D-to identify slow learners who needed special education

Question 21

Under what circumstances do environmental interventions most strongly promote intellectual development?

A-if they start in early childhood

B-if they take place during school hours

C-if they start during adolescence

if large numbers of children are taught together at the same time

Answer 21

A-if they start in early childhood

Question 22

Defining intelligence.

Answer 22

Intelligence is difficult to define. Psychological researchers try to measure it, hoping to learn something from the measurements.

Question 23

g factor.

Answer 23

People’s scores on almost any test of intelligent abilities correlate positively with scores on other tests. The overlap among tests is referred to as g, meaning the general factor in intelligence.

Question 24

Possible explanations for g.

Answer 24

Many psychologists believe the g factor corresponds to an ability that underlies all kinds of intelligence, such as mental speed or working memory. Another possibility is that different abilities correlate with one another because the same growth factors that promote any one of them also support the others.

Question 25

Fluid and crystallized intelligence.

Answer 25

Psychologists distinguish between fluid intelligence (reasoning ability) and crystallized intelligence (acquired and practiced skills).

Question 26

Intelligence as a hierarchy.

Answer 26

The g factor can be subdivided into more specific categories, such as verbal, perceptual, and image rotation; or language, short-term memory, and reasoning.

Question 27

One or many types of intelligence?

Answer 27

Howard Gardner argued that people have many independent types of intelligence, including social attentiveness, musical abilities, and motor skills. However, so far, no one has demonstrated that different types of intelligence are independent of one another.

Question 28

IQ tests.

Answer 28

The Stanford-Binet, Wechsler, and other IQ tests were devised to predict the level of performance in school. Culture-reduced tests such as Raven’s Progressive Matrices are more appropriate for people not fluent in English.

Question 29

Hereditary influences.

Answer 29

Studies of twins and adopted children suggest hereditary influences on individual differences in IQ performance, although no one gene has a major effect.

Question 30

Environmental influences.

Answer 30

Intellectual development depends on many aspects of the environment, including physical health in early childhood. Extensive interventions can help children’s intellectual development, if started early in life and continued for years.