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Bio Quiz 2 > Exam 2 Bio > Flashcards

Exam 2 Bio Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is energy?

A

the capacity to do work

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of energy?

A

potential and kinetic

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3
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Conservation (cannot be created or destoryed, only converted)

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4
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Radomness, disorder, ENTROPY

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5
Q

What reaction releases energy?

A

Exergonic

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6
Q

What reaction absorbs energy?

A

Endergonic

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7
Q

What is the function of enzymes?

A

Lower activation energy

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8
Q

Characteristics of enzymes?

A

Catalysts
Speed up rate of reaction
Usually proteins
3-D
Specific

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9
Q

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide & Water

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10
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

Oxygen and glucose

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11
Q

What are the factors of Light dependent reactions?

A

2 photosystems
6CO2+6H20
Thylakoid

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12
Q

What are the factors of Light independent reactions?

A

1 part
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Stroma
Calvin Cycle

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13
Q

What are photons?

A

discreet packages of light

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14
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

Chloroplasts

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15
Q

What does chlorophyll a absorb? What does it reflect?

A

Absorbs red and violet
Reflects green

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16
Q

What does chlorophyll b absorb? What does it reflect?

A

Absorbs red and blue
Reflects green & yellow

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17
Q

Long wavelength =
Shorter wavelength=

A

longer= low energy
shorter= high energy

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18
Q

What is the color and number for the lower side of electromagnetic spectrum?

A

purple
400

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19
Q

What is the color and number for the higher side of the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

Red
720

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20
Q

What are the 3 steps to the Calvin cycle?

A

1.Fixation
2. Sugar creation (reduction)
3) Regeneration

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21
Q

What is photorespiration

A

no sugar is made (O2 builds up)

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22
Q

Characteristics of C3

A

CO2
Calvin
Sugar
Open
Day
x
x

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23
Q

Characteristics of C4

A

CO2
Calvin
Sugar
Slightly open
Day
ATP
Carbon Uptake

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24
Q

Characteristics of CAM

A

CO2
Calvin
Sugar
OPEN -> NIGHT
CLOSED -> DAY
ATP
Carbon uptake
Day/Night

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25
Q

What is the reactants of cellular respiration? What are the products?

Whats the pattern?

A

Reactants: Oxygen and glucose
Products: Water and carbon dioxide

(The products and reactants are flipped from photosynthesis.)

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26
Q

Why do you need oxygen and glucose?

A

ATP
Food/glucose electrons

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27
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration steps

A

Glycolysis->Krebs Cycle
->ETC

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28
Q

Glycolysis

A

ATP & Glucose (2 pyruvates)
Water comes off
NADH
CYTOPLASM

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29
Q

Prep step (Acetyl COA)

A

MITOCHONDRIA

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30
Q

Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)

A

produces:
NADH,FADH2, ATP, CO2

31
Q
A
32
Q

ETC

A

makes most ATP (32)
OXYGEN present
Water comes off

33
Q

What helps power Electron Transport Chain?

A

NADH & FADH2

34
Q

Aerobic

A

Oxygen present
Produce ATP (carbs,fat,proteins)

35
Q

Anaerobic

A

no oxygen present

36
Q

Is the ETC Aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Aerobic

37
Q

What does DNA have?

A

Genes
(Cell blueprints)

38
Q

Who is Rosalind Franklin?

A

Established structural features of DNA

39
Q

What is Chargaff’s Rule?

A

A-T
G-C

-Through hydrogen bonding

-Nucleotide=DNA building blocks

40
Q

What nitrogenous bases are purines? Pyrimidines?

A

T & C
A&G

41
Q

What makes up structure of DNA

A

Nitrogenous Bases
Phosphate group
suagr

42
Q

What is DNA polymerase?

A

1st enzyme, base pairing
PROOF READS

43
Q

What happens during replication fork?

A

Stands separate

44
Q

DNA polymerase can only read when…

A

When 5’ to 3’ is paired with 3’ to 5’

45
Q

DNA Helicase

A

UNZIPS to form replication

46
Q

Leading strand

A

3’ to 5’

47
Q

Lagging strand

A

3’ to 5’
Ozaki fragments
Liase

48
Q

What is the last step for DNA replication?

A

Liase
-joins DNA fragments

49
Q

What are okazaki fragments?

A

small sections on new strand

50
Q

What are 3 ways mutations can occur?

A
  1. Natural
  2. Chemicals
  3. Radiation (UV light)
    ->cancer
51
Q

What is the life of the cell called?

A

The cell cycle

52
Q

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic…
Which is circular/linear

A

Eukaryotic-linear
Prokaryotic-circular

53
Q

Why do cells divide?

A

Growth, reproduction, maintenance/repair

54
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

Binary fusion (identical daughter)

55
Q

How do eukaryotes reproduce?

A

Mitosis, meiosis (sex cells only)

56
Q

What is the longest stage of cell cycle?

A

Interphase

57
Q

5 parts of interphase?

A

1.Gap 1
2.DNA synthesis
3.Gap 2
4.Mitosis
5.Cytokinesis

58
Q

What happens during the parts of interphase?

A

Gap 1: primary growth, waste out
DNA Synthesis: DNA replication
Gap 2: 2nd growth period, prep cell division
Mitosis: nucleus duplicates then divides
Cytokinesis- separates cells

59
Q

What parts of interphase grows and makes proteins?

A

Gap 1 and Gap 2

60
Q

How are eukaryotic chromosomes organized?

A

-4 chromatids
-1 Centrimere
-2 sister pairs

=1 chromosome
(centrimere determines how many chromosomes there are)

61
Q

How many phases are in mitosis? What are they?

A

4 phases
PMAT
(prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, telophase)

62
Q

What happens during PROPHASE

A

Nuclear envelope disappears

Sindle fibers form

63
Q

What happens during METAPHASE

A

sister chromatids line up in middle of cell

64
Q

What happens during ANAPHASE

A

sister chromatids pulled apart to opposite sides of cell

65
Q

What happens during TELOPHASE

A

Nuclear membrane reappears, cell is ALMOST split into 2

66
Q

Cytokinesis has a?

A

Cleavage furrow

67
Q

What are characteristics about mitosis?

A

diploid, 2n, PMAT

68
Q

Whats an example of mitosis & asexual reproduction

A

Aspen trees

69
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

Sperm and eggs

70
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

Gonads, ovaries, testes

71
Q

What is the products of meiosis?

A

Sex cells
Haploid cells (1n)
GAMETES
>eggs & sperm

72
Q

Process of meiosis?

A

1 round of DNA replication
2 meiotic divisions

73
Q

What are the 3 main features of meisois?

A

1.Crossing over (prophase)
2. Sister chromatids remain joined at their
centromeres throughout meiosis I
3. DNA replication is suppressed between
meiosis I and meiosis II

74
Q

Outcome of meiosis

A

4 haploid cells
UNIQUE GENES

Bio Quiz 2 (9 decks)

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