Exam 2 Flashcards
Vomiting (Emesis)
- Forceful ejection of stomach contents through the mouth
- Protective mechanism to remove harmful substances from body
- Initiated by activation of the emetic center
Can be generated by impulses caused by-
- Pain, excitement, fear— cerebral cortex
- Disturbances inner ear (vestibular apparatus)- CRTZ
- Drugs-CRTZ
- Metabolic Conditions- CRTZ
- Irritation peripheral receptors
GI DRUGS
- Emetics
- Anti-emetics
- Anti-ulcer
- Diarrhea stopping
- Stool loosening
- Saliva stopping
- Motility enhancing
- Foam stopping
- Enzyme supplements
Regulation of GI System
SNS stimulation:
- decrease intestinal motility and tone
- decreases intestinal secretions
- Inhibits relaxation of sphincters
- Sympathomimetic or anticholinergic drugs cause similar actions
PSNS stimulation:
- increase motility and tone
- increases secretions
- stimulates relaxation of sphincters
- Cholinergic or parasympathomimetic drugs cause similar actions
What animals do NOT vomit?
Horses, rabbits, and rodents
What can vomiting lead to?
It can lead to electrolyte disturbances, hypokalemia, and dehydration
What are emetics used for?
Used to induce vomiting
-for animals that have ingested toxins
(must first weigh risk of aspirating stomach contents into lungs versus potential benefits of induced vomiting)
Administer within 2-4 hours
How is an emetic classified?
Classified according to site of action
- Centrally Acting- act on CRTZ
- Peripherally Acting- act on peripheral receptors
Centrally Acting Emetic Drugs:
- Apomorphine
- Xylazine
Peripherally Acting Emetic Drug:
3% Hydrogen Peroxide
What is Apomorphine?
A centrally acting emetic drug
(it is a morphine derivative)
USE: induce emesis in dogs
Side Effects: protracted vomiting, depression
Given by IV or IM injection OR tablets placed in conjunctival sac (poorly absorbed from GIT)
-It stimulates dopamine receptors in CRTZ (cats have fewer receptors)
What is Xylazine?
It is a centrally acting emetic
-Stimulates Alpha2 receptors in both CRTZ and emetic center in cats
DRUG OF CHOICE FOR INDUCING EMESIS IN CATS
-Within minutes of injecting can be reversed with yohimbine
What is 3% Hydrogen Peroxide used for?
-peripherally/locally acting emetic
Can cause direct irritation of oropharynx and gastric lining
Administer within 5-10 minutes
Side Effects: aspiration, severe gastritis, and ulceration in cats
MUST USE 3% NOT 10%
What do Antimetics do?
Prevent or decrease vomiting
-phenothiazine derivatives
Phenothiazine Derivative Drugs
- Acepromazine (PromAce)
- Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
- Prochlorpromazine (Compazine)
phenothiazine Derivatives
Antimetics
Centrally Acting– block dopamine receptors in CRTZ and emetic center
Lowers the seizure threshold so contraindicated in epileptic animals
USES: motion sickness in dogs and cats
Side Effects: hypotension, sedation
Antihistamines
Block input from vestibular system to CRTZ
USES: to control vomiting due to motion sickness, vaccine reactions, or inner ear problems
Side Effects: Sedation
Antihistamine Drugs
Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
Procainamide derivative
Act centrally-block CRTZ
Act peripherally-speed gastric emptying, increase sphincter tone, increase force of contractions
USES: antimetic especially for chemotherapy, kidney failure, and viral gastroenteritis
Side Effects: behavioral/CNS disorders
Procainamide derivative Drug
Metoclopramide (Reglan)
NK-1 receptor antagonist
USES: prevention and treatment of acute vomiting; prevention vomiting due to motion sickness
Side Effects: pain and swelling at injection site, diarrhea, anorexia
NK-1 receptor antagonist Drug:
Maropitant (Cerenia) – prevention and treatment of acute vomiting
Injectable solution: dogs/cats
Oral Tablets: Dogs
What do Antiulcer Drugs do?
– they prevent formation of ulcers.
What are Ulcers?
erosions of mucosa and are named according to site: gastric ulcer, duodenal ucler, esophageal ulcer etc.
Signs: anorexia, melena, hematemesis, abdominal pain
H2 Receptor Antagonists (antiulcer)
USES: treats or prevents ulcers by reducing acid due to blocking H2 receptors of parietal cells in stomach by histamine.
Side Effects: diarrhea, inhibit liver enzymes and alter rate metabolism
H2 Receptor Antagonist (antiulcer) Drugs:
- Cimetidine (Tagamet)
- Ranitidine (Zantac)
- Famotidine (Pepcid)
Proton Pump Inhibitors (antiulcer) Drugs
USES: treat gastric, esophageal and duodenal ulcers
Side Effects: constipation
- Omeprazole (Prilosec)
- Lansoprazole (Prevacid)
Antacid Drugs
USES: Promotes ulcer healing by neutralizing HC1; to treat rumen acidosis
Side Effects: monogastrics: constipation(calcium and aluminum) and diarrhea (magnesium)
- Calcium carbonate (Tums)
- Magnesium hydroxide (Milk of magnesia)
- Aluminum hydroxide (Amphojel)
- Aluminum/magnesium hydroxide (Maalox)
Gastromucosal Protectants
-Sucralfate (Carafate)
only used in vet med
-give 30 minutes prior to H2 receptor antagonists because it works best in an acid environment
AntiDiarrheals
Diarrhea: loose or frequent stools due to failure to adequately absorb fluids from intestinal contents
-can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, nutrient loss
-Bland Diet
Narcotic analglesics
Control diarrhea by decreasing intestinal secretions and increasing segmental contractions
-drug of choice for diarrhea in dogs
Dosage Forms:
- Diphenoxylate (Lomotil)
- Loperamide (Imodium)
Anticholinergics
USES: treats tenesmus associated with colitis and vomiting related to colonic irritation; decreases intestinal motility and secretion.
Side Effects: dry mucous membranes, tachycardia, urine retention, constipation
Dosage forms:
- Atropine
- Aminopentamide (Centrine)
Protectants/ Adsorbents
Protectants: coat the mucosal surface with a protective layer
Adsorbents: make other substances adhere to its outer surface; bind bacteria/digestive enzymes/toxins to protect intestinal mucosa
USES: control diarrhea and act as adsorbant(treat toxins)
Side Effects: constipation, dark black stools
(subicylate is toxic to cats)
Dosage Forms:
- Bismuth subsalicylate (pepto bismol)
- Kaolin and pectin
- Activated Charcoal (Toxiban)
Laxatives
Constipation: a conditon where passage of feces is slow or nonexistent
Laxative: loosens bowel content and encourages evaluation of stool
Hypersmolar/ osmotic laxatives
-Saline products
USES: relieve constipation
DO NOT USE PHOSPHATE ENEMA IN CATS
Dosage Forms:
- Lactulose
- Magnesium hydroxide (Milk of magnesia)
- Sodium Phosphate (Fleet Enema)
Stool Softeners
Reduce Stool surface tension and reduce water absorption
USES: hard, dry feces or impactions in horses
Dosage Forms:
-Docusate Sodium(DSS)
-Docusate potassium (Pet-enema)
-petroleum products (laxatone)
Bulk-Forming Laxatives
Plant materials that absorb water into the intestines
Dosage Forms:
- Pysllium(metamucil)
- Bran
Prokinectics or stimulates
enhance motility of parts GIT to enhance movement
Dosage Forms:
- metaclopramine (Reglan)
- Cisapride
Enzyme Supplements
USE: PEI ( pancreatic exocrine insufficiency) disease where pancreas does not produce enzymes
Dosage Form:
-Pancrelipase (Viokase-V powder, Pancrezyme)
Antifoaming Agents
Dosage Form:
-Bloat Guard; Therabloat
USES: in ruminants for frothy bloat
Administered by stomach tube
Appetite Stimulants
USES: primarily in cats to prevent fatty liver syndrome
Dosage Forms:
- diazepam
- cyproheptadine
- Mirtazapine
Probiotics/prebiotics
Dosage Form: FortiFlora
USES: diarrhea, IBD, food allergy, long term antibiotic administration
Disruption of normal intestinal flora
-beneficial bacteria
Preload:
amount of blood that fills the ventricle during diastole
Afterload:
arterial resistance that ventricle must pump against
Chronotropic:
affecting heart rate
Inotropic:
affecting the force of contraction
Why are Cephalosporins safe?
They have a high therapeutic index
What is use to treat lyme disease?
Doxycycline
What does Ivermectin kill?
It kills heartworm, not fleas
What can too much estrogen cause?
urinary incontinence
Dermatophytosis is caused by what?
microsporum canis
What drug can be absorbed through the skin
DMSO
Can you use Tiioptic-S in dogs with corneal ulcers?
no
What miotic drug do you use with glaucoma and intraocular pressue?
Pilocarpine
Appetite stimulant in cats:
benzodiazepan
What drug treats tapeworms?
praziquantal
Positive introtropes?
increases the force of myocardial contractions
What class of antiarrythmia drug blocks the flow of sodium?
Class 1B (example: lidocaine)
What do venodilators do?
they reduce preload
What is a side effect of vasodilators?
hypotension
What drug is used to treat nausea from chemotherapy?
Reglan (procainamide derivative)
What animal can use a fleet enema?
Safe for dogs
Toxic for cats
What is the drug of choice to induce emesis in cats?
Xylazine
Intermediate acting Insulin:
Humulin N
Long acting insulin
glorgine
What drug produces uterine contractions
oxytocin
What drug do you use for hypothyroidism?
Levothyroxine
What drug do you use for hyperadrenocorticim (Cushings)
vetoryl
What types of drugs can be ototoxic and nephrotoxic?
aminoglycosides
What drug has the side effect of pyometra and bone marrow suppression?
DES
Beta blocker drug=
propranolol
What causes lysis of the corpus lutem?
Prostaglandin F2 Alpha
Can you use hydrogen peroxide in cats?
NO
what NK-1 antagonist can be used as an anti-emetic SQ injection?
cerenia
can you give cats pepto bismol?
no–toxic
List the calcium channel blockers:
Amlodipine, diltiazem, verapamil
what does an ACE inhibitor do
reduces preload and afterload
examples of an ACE inhibitor
Enalapril
Antibiotic group that causes cartilage defects:
fluoroquinolones (floxane drugs)
what drug stains teeth in young animals?
tetracylines (antibiotic group)
emetic of choice for dogs
apomorphine
occult
no microfilaria
The term for drug that affects the heart rate
chronotropic drug
Name of beta blocker drugs
Atenolol, propranolol, Timolol
Name a local anesthetic that also can be used for arrythmias
Lidocaine
List the ACE inhibitors
Enalapril, Benazepril, Captopril
emetic of choice in cats:
xylazine
emetics of choice in dogs:
apomorphine
an NK-1 receptor used an an anti-emetic
cerenia (Maropitant)
a drug that binds to an ulcer and protects the area. It acts as a bandaid in the stomach, Its main side effect is constipation
Sucralfate (Carafate)
Name the H2 receptor antagonists that we discussed in lecture
Cimetidine (tagamet)
Ranitidine (zantac)
Famotidine (pepcid)
a narcotic analgesic that is not controlled that is a treatment for diarrhea
Loperamide (imodium)
an absorbent that should never be given to cats because it is converted to salicylate in the liver
Bismuth subsalicylate (pepto bismol)
a prokinetic that has been withdrawn from the human market that can be compounded to treat constipation in animals
Cisapride
appetite stimulant in cats
Diazepam(C-IV)
Cyproheptadine
Mirtazapine
Two proton pump inhibitors
Omeprazole (prilosec)
Lansoprazole (prevacid)
treatment of choice for hypothyroidism
levothyroxine (soloxine)
treatment of choice for hyperthyroidism
Methimazole (tapazole)
treatment of choice for cushings disease and the diseases medical name
Hyperadrenocorticism
Vetoryl (Trilostane) or Lysodren(Mitotane)
treatment of choice for addisons disease and the diseases medical name
Hypoadrenocorticism
Percorten V (DOCP) Florinef
give an example of a short acting insulin, intermediate acting, and long acting insuln
short- regular
intermediate- NPH, Humulin-N
long- Lente, Ultralente, Glargine (Cats)
name a mydriatic and what this drug class does to the pupil
atropine – it dilates the pupil
local anesthetic used during procedures of examinations of the eye
proparacaine hydrochloride (Ophthaine)
once a month topical that you use to treat ear mites
Selamectin (revolution)
Advantage multi (Imidacloprid and Moxidectin)
the type of drug that you do not want to use with a corneal ulcer
steroid
name the ointment that is the treatment of choice for KCS
cyclosporine (optimmune)
the term for a drug that affects the force of contraction
inotrope
the arterial resistance the ventricle must pump against
afterload
an example of a cardiac glycoside (derived from a plant)
Digitalis (Digoxin)
name of a venodilator that decreases preload and you need to wear gloves to apply if in ointment form
Nitroglycerine
name of an arteriole dilator that reduces afterload
hydralazine
the degree of susceptibility of an organism to a specific concentration of a particular drug
MIC -minimum inhibitory concentration
an agent that kills bacteria is called ____
bactericidal
group of antibiotics that are ototoxic and nephrotoxic
aminoglycosides
group of antibiotics that cause staining of the teeth in young animals and are the drug of choice for lyme disease
tetracyclines
group of antibiotics that may interfere with cartilage growth in young animals and cause arthropathy
fluoroquinolones
heartworm adulticide treatment
melarsomine dihydrochloride (IMMITCIDE)
treatment for demodicosis causes by Demodex canis
Amitraz (Mitabam, Preventic)
side effects of organiphosphates
SLUDGE
two drugs that can be used to treat giardia
Fenbendazole(Panacur)
Metronidazole (flagyl)
examples of avermectins that treat heartworm disease
- ivermectin(hearguard plus, iverheart plus, ivomec)
- Moxidectin(Proheart, advantage multi)
- Selamectin (revolution)
hormone that can be used to treat urinary incontinence in females and its major side effect
Diethylsibesterol (DES) tablets
SE: pyometra, bone marrow suppression
drug that stimulate lysis of the corpus luteum
Prostaglandin F2 alpha (lutalyse)
drug that stimulates uterine contractions
oxytocin
list common facts about insulin
- given SQ if disease is uncomplicated
- u-100 insulin must use u-100 syringe
- roll the vial (not shake)
- always refrigerate but fine at room temp
- do not freeze or expose to high temps
antifungals that can treat Dermatophytosis (ringworm)
ketoconazole
miconazole
Griseofulvin
Itraconazole
term for an animal which harbors a parasite but has no clinical signs
parasitiasis
the medical term for a tapeworm and what drugs will treat them
-cestodes
- Praziquantel (droncit)
- cestex
types of parasites that are considered helminths
- nematodes(roundworms, hookworms, microfilaria)
- trematodes
- cestodesw
list some common ant-nematodal drugs
- ivermectin, moxidectin, selamectin, Milbemycin
- Piperazine(OTC)
- Pyrantel(Nemex, Strongid-T)
- Albendazole(Valbazen)
- Fendbendazole(Panacur)
Patency infections
when a parasite produces offspring
occult infections
infection involving only adults
