Chapter 9 Review Questions Flashcards
Describe the relationship between hormonal releasing facts, trophic hormones, and the hormones produced by specific tissues or glands.
Releasing factors (RFs) are messengers made by
the hypothalamus in response to its detection
of hormone levels in the blood. RFs send
messages to the pituitary to stimulate this
gland to manufacture trophic hormones.
Trophic hormones, in turn, stimulate a specific
tissue or gland to produce the hormone in
question
List the major endocrine glands.
pituitary, thyroid, ovaries, testicles, the adrenals, and the pancreas
What are the reasons for using hormonal therapy in veterinary medicine?
To correct a deficiency and to obtain a desired effect
Endogenous hormones are those that are produced ___ whereas exogenous hormones come from __ sources.
in the body; external
Where is the pituitary gland located?
The pituitary gland is located at the base of the
brain ventral to the hypothalamus, and its
primary function is to control the activity of
the other endocrine glands.
Describe the difference between a negative and a positive feedback control mechanism in the endocrine system
A negative feedback mechanism occurs when
the hypothalamus senses a high level of a
specific hormone in the blood and in response
reduces the amount of releasing factor (RF)
for this hormone. A reduced amount of
RF causes a decreased amount of trophic
hormone to be produced by the pituitary;
this results in decreased production of the
hormone by the target organ. A positive
feedback mechanism occurs when the
hypothalamus senses a low level of the
hormone in question and increases its
production of RF. Increased RF causes
an increase in trophic hormone and a
resultant increase in activity of the target
organ.
The release of oxytocin by the posterior pituitary is controlled through the __ mechanism
Neurohormonal reflex
GnRH is classified as a/an
Gonadotropin
Hormonal products with “gest” in their name are classified as______
Progestins
List 3 potential uses of the prostaglandins in veterinary medicine.
Estrus synchronization, induction of absorption, and induction of estrus
Human skin contact or injection with prostaglandins can be a serious health risk to ___ women and individuals with_____.
Pregnant; asthma
Before oxytocin can exert its effects on the uterus, the uterus must first be primed by ____ and _____.
estrogen and progesterone
What precautions should be taken before oxytocin is administered?
The reproductive tract should be examined for blockage or torsion, and it should be verified that the cervix has dilated.
What 2 active hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?
Triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine
T4
List 2 drugs used in the treatment of hypothyroidism
soloxine, and synthroid
List the 3 major classes of insulin
Short-acting (regular/lispro/aspart),
intermediate-acting (NPH
Which form of insulin must be resuspended before administration?
Regular
Which form(s) of insulin is used in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis?
NPH/PZI/Lente
What are some signs of insulin overdose?
Weakness, ataxia, shaking, and seizures
Growth promoters generally should not be used in animals intended for ___
Breeding purposes
Why are anabolic steroids classified as controlled substances?
because of the potential for abuse by human athletes
Which insulin product should be shaken thoroughly prior to use?
Vetsulin
What precautions should be taken by pregnant women when Regu-Mate is administered?
Wear gloves and or avoid getting the drug on the skin
Why was synthetic DES banned from use in food-producing animals?
residues of DES were shown to have a likely link to cervical cancer in women.
Prostaglandin causes lysis of the ___ at the end of pregnancy or at the end of diestrus if pregnancy does not occur.
Corpus Luteum
Endometrium lines the ____
uterus
A _____ hormone is one that results in the production of a second hormone within a target gland.
trophic
GnRH is produced in the ____
hypothalamus
Gonadotropin drugs:
Cystorelin, Factrel, Fertagyl
Androgens are female sex hormones produced in the ovaries, adrenal cortex, and testicles T/F
False
Prostaglandins are a group of naturally occurring, long-chain fatty acids that mediate various physiologic events in the body. T/F
true
____ causes uterine contractions.
oxytocin
Corticosteriods are produced by the ____
adrenal cortex
Pheromones are ___ released by an animal that influence the behavior of other animals of the same species.
odors
Levothyroxine is used in the treatment of _____ in all species.
hypothyroidism
Cushing’s syndrome is caused by an excess of circulating ____
cortisol
Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism in dogs may by treated with _____
Lysodren or Vetoryl
U-40 syringes have a/an ___ top.
red
Insulin should be frozen to prolong its effectiveness. T/F
False
Two veterinary-approved insulin products include:
Vetsulin and ProZinc
