Chapter 14 Flashcards
Pain sensation arises in free nerve endings called ___
Nociceptors
List some signs associated with pain in animals.
- increased heart rate
- increased respiratory rate
- guarding the painful site
- vocalization
- salivation
- abnormal stance
- failure to groom
NSAIDS that preferentially inhibit _____ are thought to produce fewer gastrointestinal side effects.
COX-2
Why are cats so susceptible to aspirin overdose?
Cats metabolize aspirin very slowly
What is the most common side effect of the NSAIDS?
Gastrointestinal ulceration and or bleeding
Phenylbutazone should be administered parenterally by the subcutaneous route only. T/F
False
What class II opiod is administered via transdermal patch?
Fentanyl
Corticosteroid therapy involves treatment of the signs of disease and often cures the disease. T/F
False
What function do mineralocorticoids serve in the body?
These substances regulate electrolyte and water balance in the body.
List some principles that should be followed concerning corticosteroid therapy.
Alternate-day dosing may help prevent iatrogenic hypoadrenocorticism; administration should be tapered off gradually; very large doses may be used in certain emergency situations; corticosteroids should be avoided when corneal ulcers are treated; use aseptic technique when injecting into joints.
What does the term iatrogenic mean?
caused by the doctor
Describe the side effects of short-term and long-term corticosteroid use.
short-term side effects of corticosteroid uses include:
- polydipsia
- polyuria
- polyphagia
- delayed healing
Long term effects:
- thinning of the skin
- gastric ulcers
- osteoporosis
- iatrogenic Cushing’s disease
What is the mechanism of action of local anethetic agents?
Local anesthetics prevent generation and conduction of nerve impulses by peripheral nerves.
What are some indications for the use of local anesthetics?
Local anesthetics are used for infiltrating into local areas for suturing wounds, for nerve blocks (lameness examination), for antiarrhythmic effects, for topical us, and others
The body is able to produce its own opiate-like analgesic agents called ___
endorphins
A substance that can initiate a fever is called a(an) _____
pyrogen
_______ is also known as acetylsalicylic acid.
Aspirin
___ is a pyrazolone derivative.
Phenylbutazone
Flunixin meglumine is a(an) ____
NSAID
DMSO causes ____ when applied topically.
vasodilation
____ is considered (even today) to be one of the most effective of the opioids.
Morphine
___ is(are) a major chemical mediator(s) of the allergic response.
Histamine
All of the following are corticosteroids except ______.
A. dexamethasone
B. Predef
C. Vetalog
D. ketoprofen
ketoprofen
A local anesthetic such as lidocaine may be the drug of choice when an epidural is performed to replace a prolapsed uterus in a bovine. T/F
True
List 4 steps involved in the production of pain sensation.
Transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception
Define WINDUP as it applies to pain production
Central sensitization/ hyperalgesia due to repeated stimulation of neurons of the spinothalamic tract.
Pain resulting from tissue injury is called ____ pain.
pathologic
Pain arising from abdominal or thoracic organs is called ___ pain.
visceral
List a class of drugs that would alter pain recognition and perception.
Opioids
Pain control that utilizes a combination of drugs acting at different sites in the pain production pathways is called ___ therapy.
multimodal
