Exam 2 Flashcards
Describe the function of the maintenance phase.
-Now the behavior is successfully occurring but bumps in the road are possible. Understanding where the pitfalls are and how to cope with them are ways to avoid relapsing. Loss of motivation is a problem. Also transferring the skills learned to each environment and not the specific one is good.
Define and exemplify behavior.
Behavior is what people say, do or think.
List and define the four dimensions of behavior.
The dimensions of Behavior are Frequency, Duration, Intensity and Latency (time from when the stimulus presents itself and the behavior follows)
Differentiate overt and covert behavior
Overt Behavior is behavior we can observe and be measured and recorded such as what a person says or does. Covert Behavior is behavior we cannot observe such as how we feel
Describe how behavior impacts the environment.
How our behavior manifests itself has environmental impacts. Emotions are part of what guide our actions
Contrast basic and applied science.
Basic is knowledge for the sake of knowledge such as the experimenter analysis of behavior. Applied is for solutions to real world problems such as applied behavior analysis (ABA).
Describe the ABCs of behavior.
-A is Antecedents (environmental stimuli or associated event), B is Behavior (What I call belief system), C is Consequence or Emotional consequence
Define self-management or self-modification.
-When an individual takes charge of changing their own behavior
Differentiate self-regulation and self-control.
-Self regulation is analyzing our behavior and making adjustments. Self-Control is avoid temptations
Outline the process of change and its steps.
- Identify the Target Behavior
- Conduct a Pros and Cons Analysis and Assess Self-Efficacy
- State the behavioral definition
- Establish goals and criterion
- Determine a plan to record data
- Conduct a baseline phase and functional assessment, to include an identification of temptations
- Select strategies
- State the plan rules, identify potential mistakes, and develop a behavioral contract
Implementation and Behavior Change - Implement the plan and collect data as you go – Treatment phase
- Re-evaluate the plan and see if it is working. Make adjustments as needed
- Once you have achieved your final goal move to maintenance phase. Engage in relapse prevention
Outline the steps of change according to Prochaska et al. (1995).
Outline the steps of change according to Prochaska et al. (1995).
1. Thinking about changing: Considering whether or not you need to change
2. Precontemplative Stage: Resisting the idea of changing
3. Contemplation Stage: When the change is seriously considered but the test to whether people will or will not stick to the thought of change is tested for around 6 months
4. Preparation stage: The change is begun and a detailed action plan is made to enact the change
5. Action stage: Engaging in countering or substituting a negative behavior for a positive one. This si where the act of changing begins
6. Maintenance stage: Does the change last only for a little bit or a lifetime. This is where life pressures test us.
7. Termination Stage: the ultimate goal is achieved but relapse is still possible
Define self-efficacy.
-Is our sense of self esteem and competence to deal with life’s problems
Contrast those high and low in self-efficacy.
Those with high self esteem feel confident and competent in the wake of life’s problems but those who have low self-efficacy feel hopeless and helpless to deal with life’s problems
Define and exemplify behavioral definition
-It is a precise, objective, unambiguous description of the target behavior or a competing behavior. It must be stated with enough precision that anyone can read our behavioral definition and be able to accurately measure the behavior when it occurs. Like a weight plan to gain strength and lose weight.
Clarify how a criterion is used to move from one goal to the next.
-It’s the factors for escalation. Such as pushing up your one rep maxes. Like right now I bench 225, If I bench 235 by the end of this section, I can bench 10 more pounds
Define self-monitoring.
-Our ability to keep ourselves on track with our goals. One issue in behavior modification is what we call reactivity, or when the process of recording a behavior causes the behavior to change, even before treatment is applied. We need clearly defined goals with dated deadlines to make this effective.
Clarify what the observation period is.
A clearly defined period in when the behavior is likely to occur.
Differentiate between a natural setting and an analogue setting.
-a natural setting or place where the behavior typically occurs, an analogue setting or one that is not part of the person’s daily routine. Naturalistic observation is like the former and Laboratory observation is like the latter.
Clarify the use of the ABC chart in data collection.
-Antecedents: Events that led to the behavior happening or not; Behavior: How the behavior enacted in amounts, time, etc; Consequences: The results of the behavior in terms of terminology learned in this course
Describe the importance of the baseline phase.
-Observation of your behavior in the absence of the target behavior. Getting a baseline.
Define functional assessment.
when we much more closely scrutinize the antecedents and consequences to see what affects the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a desired or problem behavior, all to maximize how effective our plan/strategies will be.
Outline what information is gained from a functional assessment
We get what makes up the problem or desired behavior; The antecedents or environmental factors that made the behavior occur or not occur depending; and the consequences of what happened as a result of that behavior.
Define temptation.
-A person, place, thing or situation that may be immediately rewarding in the short term that takes away the benefit of the desired behavior in the long term. Such as trying to be on a diet and your friends pressuring you to have wings and beer and be too hung over to work out.
Explain how people and things can be temptations.
-People can tempt you with peer pressure or your phone can present temptations of that bad behavior your trying to avoid such as “try our new deal at domino’s”
Clarify the significance of situations and places and how they might lead you to engage in the undesired behavior.
-Situations have different associations that can lead to bad behavior. Such as popcorn being associated with going to the movies and being on a diet.
Propose ways to avoid giving in to temptations.
Not to go to the places, ask your friends to not tempt you, be mindful of when you give in and how much and forgive yourself when you do.
Define discriminative stimuli.
Part of the antecedent focused strategies. It is understanding how stimuli bring cues for wanted or unwanted behavior
Clarify how stimuli or antecedents become cues.
Certain have associations and you must work on removing them. A big one for me recently is removing the link between screens and food which is a cycle that reinforces two bad behaviors at one, excessive eating and screen habits
List and describe the six antecedent manipulations.
Create a cue for desired behaviors, remove a cue for undesired behavior, increase energy needed to engage in a problem behavior, decrease energy to engage in a desirable behavior, establishing operations to make a desired behavior more exciting or alluring, abolishing operations is reducing the reinforcing value of undesired behavior such as seeing the nutritional info of bad food, it helps
Define prompts.
verbal, gestural, modeling or physical stimulus that is added to the situation and increases the likelihood that the desirable response will be made when it is needed. Such as Sparta meowing as a prompt to give him food or scratches
Define fading. List and describe the two major types of fading and any subtypes.
Prompt fading is when the prompt is gradually removed as it is no longer needed. Fading within a prompt means that you use just one prompt and once the person has the procedure down, you stop giving them a reminder or nudge. Prompt Delay is when you delay giving the prompt to see if the person still needs it or not
Clarify the use of self-instructions in behavior modification.
- self-instructions, or statements you write or say to yourself as positive affirmations and motivational tools. These statements should remind yourself of what the desirable behavior is, why you are doing it.
Clarify the use of social support in behavior modification.
the use of friends and family as emotional support as we are trying to take on this goal and to help us when we are not at our strongest.
Describe how shaping can be used to modify a behavior.
-Modeling a behavior that is unknown to a person to gradually build them towards doing the behavior we want them to do. Such as Skinner’s rats with the switch or using hot-cold when getting kids to flip a switch with reinforcers
Describe strategies used to modify fear and anxiety behaviors.
-Awareness Training or just simply letting know what the behavior is. Create competing responses such as sitting on your hands instead of nail biting, practice the habits, make the competing responses in real life and talk it over with your therapist
Describe strategies used to modify maladaptive cognitions.
-CBT, cognitive coping skills, acceptance techniques
Clarify how to use differential reinforcement in a treatment plan.
-1. DRA or Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior – This is when we reinforce the desired behavior and do not reinforce undesirable behavior. 2. DRO or Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior – What if we instead need to eliminate a problem behavior – i.e. reducing it down to no occurrences? DRO is the strategy when we deliver a reinforcer contingent on the absence of an undesirable behavior for some period. 3. DRL or Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Responding – There are times when we don’t necessarily want to completely stop a behavior, or take it to extinction, but reduce the occurrence of a behavior. Reduce it but don’t go down to cold turkey. 4. DRI or Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior – There are times when we need to substitute Behavior A with Behavior B such that by making B, we cannot make A. The point of DRI is to substitute a behavior.
Describe and exemplify the use of the token economy in a treatment plan.
Tokens are acquired when a desired behavior is attained and when enough tokens are accumulated they can be traded for something they want.
