Chapter 8, Needs

Question 1

Revisit Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

Answer 1

Hierarchy of needs. P.S. I Love you Physical needs, Security and safety needs, love and belonging needs, self-esteem needs, self-actualization needs

Question 2

Explain Hull’s drive theory of needs.

Answer 2

-Hull stated our needs are based deficiencies that create tension and discomfort and then drive to satisfy those needs. He called things needed for survival Primary needs and learned needs Secondary drives and be associated with a primary drive such as avoiding a to stove because you burned yourself on it before.

Question 3

the Law of Primary reinforcement:

Answer 3

Hull’s rule about how behaviors that reduce drive will serve as reinforcers. Or that taking away something aversive (drive) will create the same behavior. He meant this to things that are natural and not learned such as food and water.

Question 4

The law of secondary reinforcement:

Answer 4

when a drive is reduced to a secondary reinforcer such as money or praise.

Question 5

Define the need for affiliation.

Answer 5

The need to affiliate or form attachments with others.

Question 6

Report what the literature says about the need for affiliation

Answer 6

1. Leaders care more about their followers
2. Students are less likely to take online classes
3. Religious people have high needs of affiliation except towards out-group members
4. People engage in pro-group but no pro-self-behaviors when threatened by group exclusion
5. see less interpersonal distance between themselves and others

Question 7

Define the need for power.

Answer 7

To have mastery, control and to be in charge of others and to have high status

Question 8

Report what the literature says about the need for power.

Answer 8

1. Those higher in need for power recognize angry faces easier than neutral ones
2. They make decisions favoring dominant looking in-group leaders and submissive-looking out-group leaders along with wanting submissive-looking people as in group members
3. Perceived as Strong leaders
4. Positively correlated with choosing professions in entrepreneurial, professional and leadership careers.
5. Those high in need of power and high in need for affiliation will display submissive behavior to feel included

Question 9

Define the need for cognition.

Answer 9

To understand and make reasonable the world of experience. They enjoy analytical thinking, less likely to be persuaded and less susceptible to boredom.

Question 10

Report what the literature says about the need for cognition.

Answer 10

1. tend to rely on rating over individual comments to feel out media influence
2. Less susceptible to decision bias
3. High in openness to experience, Conscientiousness, and introversion
4. Students with this need engage in deep learning activities, critical thinking, and structuring.
5. Less likely to use cognitive heuristics
6. Stable across lifespan

Question 11

Define the need for achievement.

Answer 11

A need to do things well, outperform others, overcome obstacles and achieve excellence. Success is relative from person to person. Expectant-value (form of drive) plays a factor and an incentive stems from the importance and level of difficulty of the task

Question 12

Report what the literature says about the need for achievement

Answer 12

1. Less likely to have burnout
2. More willing to take risks
3. Higher cortisol response when accomplishing a task which shows a cognitive reward for success

Question 13

Define the need for autonomy.

Answer 13

The need to be independent, self-reliant and in control of your own actions

Question 14

Report what the literature says about the need for autonomy

Answer 14

1. Did not mind increasing job demands and maintained motivation when allowed to work from home.

Question 15

Define the need for competence.

Answer 15

A need for mastery, self-efficacy and knowledge to overcome obstacles

Question 16

Report what the literature says about the need for competence.

Answer 16

1. As unfinished work stacks, employees; they felt lower satisfaction and job competence and increased rumination. These effects were reduced when proactive behaviors minimized undone work.
2. Gamers have a high need in this typically with achievements. Jake is pretty bad with this.

Question 17

Define the need for cognitive closure.

Answer 17

To have structure, answers, predictability and order

Question 18

Report what the literature says about the need for cognitive closure

Answer 18

1. Will use control-oriented and solution-oriented strategies to deal with harsh supervisors
2. When uncertainty is made salient, they increased discrimination against out-group members

Question 19

Define the need for meaning.

Answer 19

A need for meaning in our lives

Question 20

Report what the literature says about the need for meaning

Answer 20

1. Higher association with religious mindsets
2. When meaning is threatened, religious mindset increases along with belief in satanic like forces