Exam Flashcards
Plasmid
extrachromosomal dna that carries genes
can be passed from one bacterium to another
bacterial transformation
the uptake of dna, bacteria take up dna from their environments
colony
cluster of bacteria growing
lawn
large thick cluster of bacteria
central dogma
DNA –> RNA –> Protein
Gametes
sex cells - with half the number of cells as their parents body cells
Diploid and haploid cells
diploid cells - whole cells with all of the genes
haploid cells - cells with half the genes (gametes are haploid cells)
zygote
made when sperm and egg join together
crossing over
- occurs in meiosis 1
- the process of homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material
purpose of arabinose added to lb plates:
To activate GFP gene
what is lb in PGLO lab?
the food for the E. Coli
what is +PGLO and -PGLO do in the pglo lab?
PGLO contains the GFP gene and the ampicillin resistance gene
What is ampicillin?
an antibiotic
Somatic cell
body cells, cells of living organisms other than gametes. Cells with all 46 chromosomes
Nondisjunction
when pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids do not separate properly
- results in abnormal distribution of chromosomes/chromatids in the daughter nuclei/sex cells
Autosomes
any chromosome that is not a sex chromosomes
aneuploidy
when there is an abnormal # of chromosomes in haploid cells
law of segregation
a parent only passes one allele for each gene to offspring
10% rule - ecological pyramid
only ten percent of the energy stored in one trophic level is passed on to the next trophic level
chemical energy vs. free energy
chemical energy = energy stored in bonds of chemical compounds
free energy = energy available to do work
meiosis vs mitosis
Mitosis: produces identical daughter cells (somatic cells)
Meiosis: Produces gametes
Mitosis contains PMAT, whereas meiosis also contains those stages but goes through them twice.
Meiosis: Prophase 1: chromosomes match up with their homologous pairs, crossing over occurs!!
Mitosis: prophase, chromosomes condense
PMAT is pretty normal for both mitosis and meiosis but in meiosis, the homologous pairs separate first
Then mitosis is done, but meiosis goes through PMAT again so that the sister chromatids can separate and four haploid cells are formed
