Carbon Element of life biochem Flashcards
What are all biological macromolecules made of?
C H O N P S
what is dehydration synthesis?
when monomers join together to form polymers and water is released
What is hydrolysis?
when water is added and polymers break into monomers
What elements are carbohydrates made of?
CHO in 2:1 ratio of hydrogen and oxygen - H2O
What are the monosaccharides of carbohydrates?
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
What is the chemical structure of glucose?
C₆H₁₂O₆
What monosaccharides join bond to make sucrose (table sugar)?
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
What monosaccharides bond together to make maltose?
Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
What monosaccharides bond together to make lactose?
Glucose + Galactose = Lactose
What are the disaccharides of carbohydrates?
Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose
What are the polysaccharides of carbohydrates?
Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin
What is an organic compound?
When carbon atoms are combined with hydrogen and/or oxygen and found in nature
What is the dehydration synthesis equation for carbohydrates?
glucose + glucose = water + maltose
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 = H2O + C2H22O11
What are the four functions of Lipids?
- Energy storage - lipids are good for long term energy storage
- Cell membrane structure - phospholipids make up cell membrane
- insulation - Fat cells provide insulation + cushion for some organs
- Water protection - lipids like oils repel water (they are hydrophobic)
What elements are lipids made of?
C H O (P)
What common property do all lipids share?
they are all at least partially hydrophobic
what are the building blocks of triglycerides (or fat molecules)?
3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
What is dehydration synthesis for lipids?
Fat + 3 Water = Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids
What is Hydrolysis for Lipids?
3 water + triglycerides = 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
What makes a fat saturated or unsaturated?
Saturated fats have no double bonds with carbon on their fatty acid chains only single bonds with hydrogen (Hydrogen saturates)
Unsaturated fats have at least one double bond with carbon, also the double bond causes a bend in the hydrocarbon chain
Differences between saturated Vs. unsaturated fats?
Saturated fats
- Solid at room temp
- Straight Chains
- make up most animal fats
- EX: butter
Unsaturated Fats
- Liquid at room temp
- plant and fish fats
- bend in chain
- EX: Olive Oil
What are the structure of phospholipids? What do they do?
Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head on the inside that touches water and a hydrophobic tail on the inside that repels water. They form a barrier between the outside and inside of the cell AKA the cell membrane!!
What elements are protein made of?
C H O N (S)
What are the functions of proteins?
Create structures
- make up hair skin + nails
Communications
- hormones send signals in body (EX: insulin regulates blood sugar)
Movement
- movement in muscle (actin + myosin)
Protects against pathogens
- antibodies
Catalysts
- enzymes speed up chemical reactions
What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino Acids
What are the properties of Amino Acids?
there are 20 different amino acids that exist
they have an R group or variable group that determines different properties they have (if they hydrophilic, hydrophobic, or charged) they also have an amino group and a carboxyl group
they are what causes the protein to bend and fold in certain ways
What is a polypeptide chain?
Long chains of Amino Acids joined together by peptide bonds
What is primary structure?
The original sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain determined by inherited genetics
What secondary structure?
Polypeptide chain begins to bend and twist because of hydrogen bonds on the backbone of the polypeptide chain. starts to form coils and pleats
What is tertiary structure?
More complex folding due to R groups. Some R groups are hydrophobic go away from water some are hydrophilic go towards water.
Quaternary structure
When two or more polypeptides come together
Substrate definition
the starting molecule(s) an enzyme either breaks apart or puts together
What elements are nucleic acids made of?
C H O N P
What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
What parts do the nucleotides have?
A phosphate group
a pentose sugar (ribose for RNA deoxyribose for DNA)
A Nitrogenous base (is either a purine or pyrimidine and is either adenine cytosine guanine uracil or thymine)
Out of adenine guanine cytosine uracil and thymine what is only in DNA and what is only in RNA
Thymine is in DNA only
Uracil is in RNA only
What is the structural difference between pyrimidines and purines
Purines are double ringed
Pyrimidines are single ringed
What nitrogenous bases bind to what? What kind of bonds do they make?
A=T (double hydrogen bond)
C≡G (triple hydrogen bond)
Who are the people who discovered the shape of DNA?
James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin
Shape of DNA = double helix
What are the differences between DNA and RNA
- DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose
- DNA has thymine and not uracil RNA has uracil and not thymine
