Carbon Element of life biochem

Question 1

What are all biological macromolecules made of?

Answer 1

C H O N P S

Question 2

what is dehydration synthesis?

Answer 2

when monomers join together to form polymers and water is released

Question 3

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 3

when water is added and polymers break into monomers

Question 4

What elements are carbohydrates made of?

Answer 4

CHO in 2:1 ratio of hydrogen and oxygen - H2O

Question 5

What are the monosaccharides of carbohydrates?

Answer 5

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Question 6

What is the chemical structure of glucose?

Answer 6

C₆H₁₂O₆

Question 7

What monosaccharides join bond to make sucrose (table sugar)?

Answer 7

Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose

Question 8

What monosaccharides bond together to make maltose?

Answer 8

Glucose + Glucose = Maltose

Question 9

What monosaccharides bond together to make lactose?

Answer 9

Glucose + Galactose = Lactose

Question 10

What are the disaccharides of carbohydrates?

Answer 10

Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose

Question 11

What are the polysaccharides of carbohydrates?

Answer 11

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin

Question 12

What is an organic compound?

Answer 12

When carbon atoms are combined with hydrogen and/or oxygen and found in nature

Question 13

What is the dehydration synthesis equation for carbohydrates?

Answer 13

glucose + glucose = water + maltose

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 = H2O + C2H22O11

Question 14

What are the four functions of Lipids?

Answer 14

1. Energy storage - lipids are good for long term energy storage
2. Cell membrane structure - phospholipids make up cell membrane
3. insulation - Fat cells provide insulation + cushion for some organs
4. Water protection - lipids like oils repel water (they are hydrophobic)

Question 15

What elements are lipids made of?

Answer 15

C H O (P)

Question 16

What common property do all lipids share?

Answer 16

they are all at least partially hydrophobic

Question 17

what are the building blocks of triglycerides (or fat molecules)?

Answer 17

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

Question 18

What is dehydration synthesis for lipids?

Answer 18

Fat + 3 Water = Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids

Question 19

What is Hydrolysis for Lipids?

Answer 19

3 water + triglycerides = 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Question 20

What makes a fat saturated or unsaturated?

Answer 20

Saturated fats have no double bonds with carbon on their fatty acid chains only single bonds with hydrogen (Hydrogen saturates)

Unsaturated fats have at least one double bond with carbon, also the double bond causes a bend in the hydrocarbon chain

Question 21

Differences between saturated Vs. unsaturated fats?

Answer 21

Saturated fats
- Solid at room temp
- Straight Chains
- make up most animal fats
- EX: butter

Unsaturated Fats
- Liquid at room temp
- plant and fish fats
- bend in chain
- EX: Olive Oil

Question 22

What are the structure of phospholipids? What do they do?

Answer 22

Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head on the inside that touches water and a hydrophobic tail on the inside that repels water. They form a barrier between the outside and inside of the cell AKA the cell membrane!!

Question 23

What elements are protein made of?

Answer 23

C H O N (S)

Question 24

What are the functions of proteins?

Answer 24

Create structures
- make up hair skin + nails

Communications
- hormones send signals in body (EX: insulin regulates blood sugar)

Movement
- movement in muscle (actin + myosin)

Protects against pathogens
- antibodies

Catalysts
- enzymes speed up chemical reactions

Question 25

What are the monomers of proteins?

Answer 25

Amino Acids

Question 26

What are the properties of Amino Acids?

Answer 26

there are 20 different amino acids that exist

they have an R group or variable group that determines different properties they have (if they hydrophilic, hydrophobic, or charged) they also have an amino group and a carboxyl group

they are what causes the protein to bend and fold in certain ways

Question 27

What is a polypeptide chain?

Answer 27

Long chains of Amino Acids joined together by peptide bonds

Question 28

What is primary structure?

Answer 28

The original sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain determined by inherited genetics

Question 29

What secondary structure?

Answer 29

Polypeptide chain begins to bend and twist because of hydrogen bonds on the backbone of the polypeptide chain. starts to form coils and pleats

Question 30

What is tertiary structure?

Answer 30

More complex folding due to R groups. Some R groups are hydrophobic go away from water some are hydrophilic go towards water.

Question 31

Quaternary structure

Answer 31

When two or more polypeptides come together

Question 32

Substrate definition

Answer 32

the starting molecule(s) an enzyme either breaks apart or puts together

Question 33

What elements are nucleic acids made of?

Answer 33

C H O N P

Question 34

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

Answer 34

nucleotides

Question 35

What parts do the nucleotides have?

Answer 35

A phosphate group
a pentose sugar (ribose for RNA deoxyribose for DNA)
A Nitrogenous base (is either a purine or pyrimidine and is either adenine cytosine guanine uracil or thymine)

Question 36

Out of adenine guanine cytosine uracil and thymine what is only in DNA and what is only in RNA

Answer 36

Thymine is in DNA only

Uracil is in RNA only

Question 37

What is the structural difference between pyrimidines and purines

Answer 37

Purines are double ringed

Pyrimidines are single ringed

Question 38

What nitrogenous bases bind to what? What kind of bonds do they make?

Answer 38

A=T (double hydrogen bond)
C≡G (triple hydrogen bond)

Question 39

Who are the people who discovered the shape of DNA?

Answer 39

James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin

Shape of DNA = double helix

Question 40

What are the differences between DNA and RNA

Answer 40

• DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose
• DNA has thymine and not uracil RNA has uracil and not thymine