Exam 1 - Week 1- Intro to Pharmacology Flashcards
Pharmacology
the study of the biological effect of DRUGS (chemicals) that are introduced into the body to cause some sort of change
Pharmacokinetics
what happens to drugs in the body
Pharmacodynamics
- mechanism of action
- effects on the body
Chemical drug name
- long and complex
- used in research
Generic drug name
- official name of drug
- usually 1 generic name
- usually more complicated than trade name
- lower case
Trade drug name
- brand name
- given by pharmaceutical company
- easier to remember and pronounce
- upper case
Therapeutic effects
- intended effects of the drug
- what we want to happen
Side effects
- unintended effects
- unavoidable
Toxicities
harmful effects
Adverse effects
- unexpected reaction
- dangerous reaction
Allergic reaction
- unexpected
- may be dangerous
- involves immune system response
what to know with each medication
- name
- classification
- mechanism of action
- indications
- common/serious adverse effects
- contraindications
- nursing indications
mechanism of action
how the drug works in the body
Preclinical trials
tested on lab ANIMALS for therapeutic and adverse effects
Phase I studies
HUMAN VOLUNTEERS are used to test the drug
Phase II studies
drug is tried on patients who have the DISEASE that the drug is designed to treat
Phase III studies
- the drug is used in a VAST CLINICAL MARKET
- prescribers informed of adverse effects and monitor their parents closely
- unexpected responses may occur and the drug may be withdrawn from the market
Phase IV studies
- CONTINUED EVALUATION by the FDA
- on the market
- black box warning
Schedule I
- not approved for medical use
- no reason to prescribe
- Heroin, LSD, ecstasy
- very high potential of abuse
Schedule II
- used medically
- HIGH potential of abuse
- narcotics, amphetamines
- hydromorphone (dilaudid), oxycodone
- NO REFILLS ALLOWED
Schedule III
- less potential for abuse
- non barbiturate sedatives, non-amphetamines, stimulants
- ketamine, testosterone, anabolic steroids
Schedule IV
- some potential for abuse
- primarily sedatives, anti-anxiety medications
- Xanax, valium, ambien
Schedule 5
- low potential for abuse
- medications containing small amounts of certain narcotics or stimulants
- usually antitussives
- cough suppressants with some codeine, ephedrine containing medications
over the counter medications (OTC)
- consumers must be able to diagnose own condition and monitor effectiveness EASILY
dietary and herbal supplements
- can only claim effect on body structure or function (not medical condition)
- FDA only monitors post market
- label restrictions on dietary and herbals
adverse interaction between drugs and herbals
some herbals can increase the toxicity of prescription medication or cause decreased therapeutic effects
teaching point for interaction between drugs and herbals
when getting a medication history, always ask specifically about other medications, supplements, OTC, herbals, vitamins, etc
teratogens
- substances that can cause congenital malformations in developing fetus
- alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine
Category A (teratogens)
safe for the fetus
Category B (teratogens)
lack of studies to show benefit/risk
Category C (teratogens)
- no studies
- animal studies show possible risk
Category D (teratogens)
drugs that have possible risk to the fetus
Category X (teratogens)
- drugs that have KNOWN RISK
- that CANNOT BE outweighed by possible benefit
pharmacogenomics
- study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs
- develop effective, safe medications and doses that will be tailored to a person’s genetic makeup
