Exam 1 Study Deck

Question 1

Sex

Answer 1

Anatomic sex of male or female
Anatomic structures
Behaviors
Feelings and desires

Question 2

Human sexuality

Answer 2

Our experiences and our expressions of ourselves as sexual beings, which are affected by our culture

Question 3

Physiology of arousal and response

Answer 3

Biology

Question 4

STIs, reproduction, and sexual dysfunction

Answer 4

Medical Science

Question 5

Formation of sexual behavior and attitudes

Answer 5

Psychology

Question 6

Relations between sexuality and demographic categories (race, religion, SES, etc.)

Answer 6

Sociology

Question 7

Cultural differences and similarities

Answer 7

Anthropology

Question 8

Asceticism

Answer 8

Self-denial of desires

Question 9

Ancient Hebrews

Answer 9

The Ancient Hebrews
- Emphasized procreative function of sex
- “Be fruitful and multiply”
- Same-sex sexual relations were strongly condemned
- Sex strengthened marriage and solidified family
- Wealthy leaders could have multiple wives
- Women considered property of men
- Adultery was not allowed, at least for women.

Question 10

The Ancient Greeks (500 BCE to 300 BCE)

Answer 10

Valued family life
Admired male body of muscle and health
Gods viewed as sexually adventurous
Viewed men and women as bisexual
Male-male sex was considered normal as long as it did not interfere with the family
Pederasty was condoned as long as the boy was not prepubescent
Prostitution was very popular
Courtesans and concubines
Women held low social status

Question 11

Islam

Answer 11

Values marriage and sexual fulfillment in marriage only
Premarital sex and adultery condemned
Only men may allowed more than one spouse
Social interactions between men and women restricted

Question 12

India

Answer 12

Hinduism views sex as a religious duty
Sexual fulfillment can lead to reincarnation at a higher level
Kama Sutra written between 200 and 400 CE
Became more restrictive after 1000 CE

Question 13

Taoism (China)

Answer 13

Sex is a form of worship that leads to harmony with nature, as well as immortality
Sex manual came into use about 200 BCE
Intercourse was extended and women’s orgasm mattered
Female, not male, masturbation accepted
Same-sex relations not prohibited

Question 14

Beginnings of the Scientific Study of Sexuality

Answer 14

Began during the Victorian Era
Sexologists gained credence
Havelock Ellis’ “encyclopedia”
Richard von Krafft-Ebing’s case studies
Sigmund Freud’s theory
Alfred Kinsey’s surveys

Question 15

Learning theories

Answer 15

behaviorists and social cognitive theory

Question 16

Behaviorists

Answer 16

Focus on the effects of rewards and punishments on behavior

Question 17

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 17

Learn by observation and reinforcement

Question 18

Cognitive Theories

Answer 18

Emphasizes cognitive activity
- Problem solving
- Decision making
- Expectations
- Attitudes and beliefs

Question 19

An _________ approach is used to study human sexuality

Answer 19

empirical

Question 20

Scientific Method

Answer 20

• Formulate a research question
• Frame in form of a hypothesis
• Test the hypothesis
• Draw conclusions

Question 21

Goals of the Science of Human Sexuality

Answer 21

Describe, predict, explain, control

Question 22

Stratified random sample

Answer 22

Represents subgroups in population proportionately

Question 23

Case Study

Answer 23

Carefully drawn, in-depth biography of an individual or a small group of individuals that may be obtained through interviews, questionnaires, and historical records

Question 24

The Kinsey Reports

Answer 24

• In USA, from 1938-1948, 5,300 males and 5,940 females
• Used group sampling
• Minorities underrepresented
• Confidentiality was assured
• Reliability was checked
• Validity hard to establish

Question 25

National Survey of Adolescents and Young Adults

Answer 25

• Attempted a nationally representative sample of 13-24 year olds
• Purposefully over-sampled ethnic minorities
• Had a 55% response rate

Question 26

National Surveys of Family Growth (NSFG)

Answer 26

• Conducted by the CDC to assess public health concerns
• Provides accurate view of general US population

Question 27

Magazine surveys

Answer 27

• Large numbers of respondents
• Only self-selected readers

Question 28

Ethnographic Observation

Answer 28

• Anthropologists engage in ethnographic research
• Provides data about customs and behaviors that occur among various ethnic groups
• Researcher’s presence may influence behaviors

Question 29

Participant Observation

Answer 29

Investigators collect data by interacting with the subjects under study

Question 30

Masters and Johnson

Answer 30

Among first to report observations on individuals and couples involved in sex acts
Methods and instruments offered first reliable data on what happens to the body during sexual response
Confounding factor from knowing you are being observed
Used penile strain gauge and vaginal plethysmograph to measure vasocongestion and myotonia

Question 31

Ethics in Sex research

Answer 31

-Exposing participants to harm
-Confidentiality
-Informed consent
- Use of deception

Question 32

Clitoris

Answer 32

Shaft
Body of clitoris, approximately 1 inch long and ¼ inch wide
Consists of corpora cavernosa, spongy tissue that becomes engorged from sexual stimulation
Prepuce
Fold of skin (hood) covering clitoral shaft and glans
Glans
Extremely sensitive tip of clitoris
Indirect stimulation usually preferred

Question 33

External Sex organs

Answer 33

Vestibule
“Entranceway” within the labia minora that contains the openings to the vagina and urethra
Urethral Opening
The opening through which urine passes from the bladder out of the body
Its proximity to external sex organs can pose hygienic problems for sexually active women
Cystitis is an inflammation of the urinary bladder

Question 34

Crura

Answer 34

Attach clitoris to pubic bone

Question 35

Vestibular bulbs

Answer 35

Cavernous structures extending downward along sides of introitus

Question 36

three layers of vagina

Answer 36

Inner lining (vaginal mucosa)
Middle layer (muscular)
Outer (deeper) layer connects vagina to other pelvic structures

Question 37

Cervix

Answer 37

• Lower end of the uterus
  -Os
• Opening in the middle of the cervix
• About the width of a straw
• Allows passage of menstrual blood and sperm
• Expands to permit passage of baby (10 cm)

Question 38

Proliferative phase

Answer 38

First phase
Begins with end of menstruation, lasts 9 or 10 days
Endometrium proliferates
Follicles develop and prepare for ovulation
Estrogen increases
Endometrium thickens
Stimulates thin cervical mucus production
Eggs ripen

Question 39

Ovulatory Phase

Answer 39

Second phase, in which ovulation occurs
Follicle ruptures and releases a mature ovum
If two are released, fraternal twins could develop
Basal body temperature dips slightly
Some women experience mittelschmerz

Question 40

Secretory Phase (postovulatory or luteal)

Answer 40

• Third phase, uterus prepares for implantation
• Corpus luteum produces large amounts of progesterone and estrogen
• Prompts secretion of nutrients to sustain implanted ovum
• If no implantation, levels of LH and FSH dramatically decline
• Corpus luteum decomposes
  Estrogen and progesterone levels dramatically decline

Question 41

Menstrual Phase

Answer 41

Fourth phase
Hormone levels decline
endometrium disintegrates and shed
Menstrual flow contains blood, endometrial tissue, and mucous
Tampons now more popular than napkins or pads
Low estrogen results in release of FSH, cycle starts again

Question 42

Climacteric

Answer 42

• Long-term decline in the reproductive capacity of the ovaries

Question 43

Symptoms resulting from estrogen loss

Answer 43

Night sweats, hot flashes, hot flushes
Dizziness, headaches, joint pain
Decreased vaginal lubrication
Osteoporosis

Question 44

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

Answer 44

A diagnosis used by the American Psychiatric Association to describe cases of PMS that are characterized by severe changes in mood and impaired functioning at work or school or in social relationships

Question 45

Range in size of penis

Answer 45

Flaccid – 3.6 inches
Erect – 5.16 inches

Question 46

Vasectomy

Answer 46

Sterilization procedure in which the vas deferens is severed
Prevents sperm from reaching the ejaculatory duct

Question 47

Cowper’s Glands

Answer 47

Lies below the prostrate
Secretes clear, slippery fluid into the urethra during sexual arousal
Secretion may reduce male acidity and also lubricate passageway for sperm
Not enough produced to lubricate the vagina during intercourse
Also known as the bulbourethral glands

Question 48

Cancer of the Prostate
Diagnoses and Screening

Answer 48

Digital rectal exam (DRE)
Prostate-specific antigen (PSE)
ACS recommends testing starting at age 50
Some concern about overdiagnosis and overtreatment
Early diagnosis can provide treatment before spreading

Question 49

Peyronie’s Disease

Answer 49

Excessive curvature that makes erections painful

Question 50

Priapism

Answer 50

Erections that persist for hours
Causes include leukemia, sickle cell disease, diseases of the spinal cord
Dangerous due to lack of oxygen to penile tissue

Question 51

Ejaculation
Occurs in two stages

Answer 51

Emission phase
Involves contractions of prostate, seminal vesicles, and upper part of vas deferens (ampulla)
Fluid is propelled into the urethral tract
Expulsion Phase
Muscles at base of penis and elsewhere contract, forcing out semen
Generally accompanied by pleasure

Question 52

Retrograde Ejaculation

Answer 52

Ejaculate empties into the bladder
Sphincter actions are reversed
Results in dry orgasm
Can result in infertility, but otherwise harmless

Question 53

Sox 9 regulates

Answer 53

expression of SRY

Question 54

Cryptorchidism

Answer 54

The condition defined by testes that fail to descend

Question 55

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

Answer 55

Most common form of female intersexualism
Genetic female has female internal sexual structures but masculinized external genitals
Due to exposure to excessive levels of androgens
Girls with CAH exhibit more interest in masculine-typed behaviors
Results may support a hormonal contribution to gender identity

Question 56

Dominican Republic syndrome

Answer 56

A genetic enzyme disorder prevents testosterone from masculinizing the external genitalia
Raised as females
At puberty, testosterone levels become normal
Voices deepened, musculature filled out, “clitorises” expanded into penises
Most shift to male gender identity

Question 57

Evolutionary perspective
of Gender

Answer 57

Genes that contribute to survival are passed on
Genetic heritage influences social and sexual behavior
Traditional roles are passed on through genes
Controversial perspective