Chapter 9 Flashcards
Spontaneous abortion
The sudden, involuntary expulsion of the embryo or fetus from the uterus before it is capable of independent life. Also termed, miscarriage
Zona pellucida
A gelatinous layer that surrounds an ovum
hyaluronidase
An enzyme that briefly thins the zona pellucida, enabling one sperm to penetrate
Which position should you use to get pregnant?
Male Dom
Artificial Insemination:
the introduction of sperm into the reproductive tract through means other than intercourse)
Endometriosis
An abnormal condition in which endometrial tissue is sloughed off into the abdominal cavity rather than out of the body during menstruation. The condition is characterized by abdominal pain and may cause infertility.
Laparoscopy:
A medical procedure in which a long, narrow tube (laparoscope) is inserted through an incision in the naval, permitting the visual inspection of organs in the pelvic cavity
Rubin test:
A test in which carbon dioxide gas is blown through the cervix and its progress through the reproductive tract is tracked to determine whether or not the fallopian tubes are blocked
Hysterosalpingogram:
A test in which a dye is injected into the reproductive tract and its progress is tracked by X-rays to determine whether or not the fallopian tubes are blocked
In vitro fertilization:
A method of conception in which mature ova are surgically removed from an ovary and placed in a laboratory dish along with sperm
Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT):
A method of conception in which sperm and ova are inserted into a fallopian tube to encourage conception
Zygote intrafallopian transfer(ZIFT):
A method of conception in which an ovum is fertilized in a laboratory dish and then placed in a fallopian tube
Donor IVF:
A variation of in vitro fertilization in which the ovum is taken from one woman, fertilized, and then injected into the uterus or fallopian tube of another woman
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection:
ICSI is sometimes used when the man has too few sperm for IVF, or when IVF fails. A thin (very thin) needle injects a single sperm directly into an ovum
Surrogate mother:
A woman who is impregnated through artificial insemination, with the sperm of a prospective father, carries the embryo and fetus to term, and then gives the child to the prospective parents
Human Chorionic gonadotropin:
A hormone produced by women shortly after conception, which stimulates the corpus luteum to continue to produce progesterone. The presence of HCG in a woman’s urine indicates that she is pregnant
embryonic stage
The stage of prenatal development that lasts from implantation through the eighth week and is characterized by the differentiation of the major organ systems
cephalocaudal
From the head downward
Proximodistal
From the central axis of the body outward
Ectoderm
The outermost cell layer of the newly formed embryo, from which the skin and nervous system develop
neutral tube
A hollow area in the blastocyst from which the nervous system will develop
endoderm
The inner layer of the newly formed embryo, from which the lungs and digestive system develop
mesoderm
The central layer of the embryo from which the bones and muscles develop
GGermial stage
b4 implantation
Period of the ovum
Germinal stage
Blastocyst
A stage within the germinal stage of prenatal development, at which the embryo is a sphere of cells surrounding a cavity of fluid
Embryonic disk
The plate like inner part of the blastocyst, which differentiates into the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm of the embryo
trophoblast
The outer part of the blastocyst from which the amniotic sac, placenta, and umbilical cord develop
If antibodies for Rh enters the mom’s bloodstream then the newborn might have
fetal erythrobastosis
embryonic stage
the stage of prenatal development that lasts from implantation through the eighth week and is characterized by the differentiation of the of the major organ systems
Cepalocaudal
From the head downward
Proximodistal
From the central axis of the body outward
Ectoderm
The outermost cell layer of the newly formed embryo, from which the skin and nervous system develop
neutral tube
A hollow area in the blastocyst from which the nervous system will develop
Endoderm
The inner layer of the newly formed embryo, from which the lungs and digestive system develop
mesoderm
The central layer of the embryo, from which the boness and muscles develop
amniotic sac
The protective sac containing the fetus
Amniotic fluid
Fluid within the amniotic sac that suspends and protects the fetus
Placenta
An organ connected to the fetus by the umbilical cord. The placenta serves as a relay station between mother and fetus, allowing the exchange of nutrients and wastes
Umbilical cord
A tube that connects the fetus to the placenta
Age of viability
The age at which a fetus can sustain independent life
Cephalic presentation
Emergence of the baby head first from the womb
Breech presentation
Emergence of the baby bottom or feet first from the womb
teratogens
Enviornmental influences or agents that can harm an embryo or fetus
Critical period of vulnerability
A period of time during which an embryo or fetus is vulnerable to the effects of a teratogen
Rubella
A viral infection that can cause mental retardation and heart disease in an embryo. Also called German measles
Syphilis
A sexually transmitted bacterial infection
Stillbirth
The birth of a dead fetus
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
A condition caused by HIV that destroys white blood cells in the immune system, leaving the body vulnerable to various “opportunistic” diseases
Preeclampsia
A life-threatening condition that is characterized by high blood pressure; also known as toxemia
Ectopic pregnancy
A pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum becomes implanted some-place other than the uterus
Rh incompatibility
A condition in which antibodies produced by a pregnant woman are transmitted to the fetus and may cause brain damage or death
DES (Diethylstilbestrol)
An estrogen that was once given to women at risk for miscarriage to help maintain pregnancy
Fetal Alcohol syndrome (FAS)
- A cluster of symptoms caused by maternal drinking, in which the child shows developmental lags and Characteristic facial features such as an underdeveloped upper jaw, flattened nose, and widely spaced eyes
Recessive trait
A trait that is not expressed when the gene or genes involved have been paired with dominant genes. Recessive traits are transmitted to future generations, however, and are expressed if the are paried with other recessive genes.
Amniocentesis
A procedure for drawing off and examining fetal cellss in the amniotic fluid to determine the presence of various disorders in the fetus
Schizophrenia
A severe psychological disorder characterized by problems in thought, language, and perception
Braxton-Hicks contractions
So-called false labor contractions that are relatively painless
prostaglandins
Uterine hormones that stimulate uterine contractions
oxytocin
A pituitary hormone that stimulates uterine contractions
efface
To become thin
dilate
To open or widen
Transition
The process during which the cervix becomes nearly fully dilated and the head of the fetus begins to move into the birth canal
Braxton-Hicks contractions
So-called false labor contractions that are relatively painless
prostaglandins
Uterine hormones that stimulate uterine contractions
oxytocin
A pituitary hormone that stimulates uterine contractions
efface
To become thin
dilate
To open or widen
transition
The process during which the cervix becomes nearly fully dilated and the head of the fetus begins to move into the birth canal
episiotomy
A surgical incision in the perineum that widens the birth canal, preventing random tearing during childbirth
perineum
The area between the vulva and the anus
general anesthesia
The use of of drugs to put people to sleep and eliminate pain, as during childbirth
local anesthesia
A type of anesthesia that eliminates pain in a specific area of the body, as during childbirth
Lamaze method
A childbirth method in which women learn about childbirth, learn to relax and to breathe in patterns that conserve energy and lessen pain, and have a coach (usually the father) present at childbirth. Also termed prepared childbirth.
Cesarean section
A method of Childbirth in which the fetus is delivered through a surgical incision in the abdomen
transverse position
A crosswise birth position
Anoxia
Oxygen deprivation
Preterm
Born before 37 weeks of gestation
Surfactant
Substances that prevent the walls of the airways from sticking together
Respiratory distress syndrome
A cluster of breathing problems, including weak and irregular breathing, to which preterm babies are especially vulnerable
postpartum
following birth
postpartum depression
Persistent and severe mood changes during the postpartum period, involving feelings of despair and apathy and characterized by changes in appetite and sleep, low self-esteem, and difficulty concentrating
Prolactin
A pituitary hormone that stimulates production of milk
lactation
Production of milk by the mammary glands
Lochia
A reddish vaginal discharge that may persist for a month after delivery
