Exam 1 - Starburst - ** only Flashcards
What is the goal of evidence based medicine (EBM)?
A. To utilize the relevant scientific evidence to provide highest quality patient care
B. To develop new medicines based on biomedical research
C. To conduct research to build strong evidence
D. To conduct clinical trials to develop new medicines
A. To utilize the relevant scientific evidence to provide highest quality patient care
What are the steps of scientific research process?
- pose a research question and hypothesis
- develop and implement a research plan
- perform data collection
In what phase of clinical trials does the evaluation of safety/data takes place?
A. Phase I
B. Phase II
C. Phase III
D. All of these answers are correct
D. All of these answers are correct
Equitable selection is based on which ethical principle?
A. Beneficence, because the researcher wants to choose a population that will suffer the missing word(s): either most or least
B. Justice, because the risks of research should be shared equally
C. Respect, because all subjects should be given the right to exercise missing word(s) volunteering
D. Beneficence, because risks must be minimized.
B. Justice, because the risks of research should be shared equally
Which of the following explains the ‘temporality’ criteria of causality?
A. Cause should occur before the effect
B. Cause should occur at the same time as effect
C. Effect should occur before the cause
D. Cause and effect should occur simultaneously
A. Cause should occur before the effect
Which of the following statements is false regarding the process of informed consent?
A. The process of informed consent consists of four elements: informing missing word(s) comprehension, assessment of autonomy, and consent
B. Once the consent form is signed by the subject, no further negotiation with the subject regarding their consent should occur during the protocol
C. Third parties in the consent process may act as witnesses or surrogate decision maker
D. The consent form may be given to a potential subject to take home and review
B. Once the consent form is signed by the subject, no further negotiation with the subject regarding their consent should occur during the protocol
In _______ randomization, the probability of being assigned to a group changes based on the responses of the prior patients.
A. stratified
B. adaptive
C. simple
D. block
B. adaptive
In ________ randomization, subject group assignments are balanced in order to account for characteristics of the study population, such as age and race.
A. stratified
B. adaptive
C. simple
D. block
A. stratified
For a study examining the effect of exposure to large doses of acetaminophen and acute liver failure, the time period between when a person is exposed to acetaminophen and when the acute liver failure starts is called the:
A. Person-Time
B. Induction Period
C. Latency Period
D. Follow-up Time
E. None of these answers are correct
B. Induction Period
Which of the following statistical distributions is an example of a normal distribution?
A. F distribution
B. z distribution
C. Binomial distribution
D. X2 distribution
B. z distribution
The process of analyzing data from a sample and using those results to determine the related values in the target population is called:
A. Statistical afference
B. Statistical induction
C. Statistical deduction
D. Statistical inference
D. Statistical inference
If dizziness is assessed by asking patients to rate their dizziness on a scale from 1 to 100. Then what level of measurement is this?
A. Ratio
B. Ordinal
C. Independent
D. Nominal
B. Ordinal
Which of the following statements about conclusions and errors in hypothesis testing is correct
A. Type I error is also known as a β error.
B. Statistical power can be defined as (1 - Type I error rate).
C. Failing to reject the null when it is false is a Type II error.
D. The confidence level is unrelated to the Type I error rate.
C. Failing to reject the null when it is false is a Type II error.
which of the following terms best describes inappropriately inferring associations made across groups to individuals within those groups?
ecological fallacy
You are conducting a study and a set an α level of 0.10. Your analysis produces a p-value of 0.09. Which of the following conclusions should you make?
A. You have reached statistical significance and reject the null hypothesis.
B. You have reached statistical significance and fail to reject the null hypothesis.
C. You have failed to reach statistical significance and reject the null hypothesis.
D. You have failed to reach statistical significance and fail to fail to reject the null hypothesis.
A. You have reached statistical significance and reject the null hypothesis.
A placed controlled clinical trial is conducted to assess whether a new antihypertensive drug is more effective than standard therapy. A total of 500 patients with essential HTN are enrolled and randomly assigned to one of the two groups (new drug & placebo). Both the participants and the experimenters do not know which group got the experimental new treatment. The study is best described as which of the following?
double blind randomized controlled trial
The proportion of people with disease, who have positive test results is referred to:
a. Specificity
b. Sensitivity
c. Responsiveness
d. None of the above
b. Sensitivity
In some non‐randomized studies, patients are assigned to certain treatment groups based on some characteristic that they possess, which could affect the outcome of the study. This type of bias is known as:
a. Volunteer bias
b. Contamination bias
c. Selection bias
d. Correlation bias
e. None of the above
c. Selection bias
Two pharmacists conducted a pilot study to examine the influence of follow up phone calls to patients taking medications for hypertension. The phone calls were used to remind patients that they should take their medicine. What statistical test would the pharmacists use to determine if the mean blood pressure at the beginning of the study (baseline) was statistically significant less than the average at the end of the study (post-treatment)
A study was conducted to compare an experimental adherence program with usual care for the treatment of dyslipidemia. Patients were randomly assigned to be in one of these two groups. At the end of the study, the investigators found that the mean total cholesterol level in the adherence group was less than the mean total cholesterol level in the usual care group. The following statistical test could be used to determine if the difference was statistically significant:
chi squared
Patients may alter their behavior when they know they are being observed under
study conditions. Which of the following terms best describes this phenomenon?
a. Contamination bias
b. Selection bias
c. Volunteer bias
d. Attention bias (Hawthorne effect)
e. Admission rate bias (Berkson’s paradox)
d. Attention bias (Hawthorne effect)
Pearson correlation coefficient value for the association between the number of hours studied and the percent grade obtained on an exam was -0.82 (p=0.001). The best description of this relationship is that as the amount of study time:
increased, grades decreased
Two pharmacists conducted a pilot study to examine the influence of follow up phone calls to patients taking medications for hypertension. The phone calls were used to remind patients that they should take their medicine. What statistical test would the pharmacists use to determine if the mean blood pressure at the beginning of the study (baseline) was statistically significant less than the average at the end of the study (post-treatment)
paired t- test
Which type of sampling is represented by recruiting patients who are available to researcher at a given place or time? For example, recruitment of patients coming to pharmacy at a specific time and day of the week or collecting data from people shopping at a mall
convenience sampling
Sampling of participants based on their specific characteristics such as age above 65 years or males only is known as ___ sampling
purposive
A new drug, Superstatin, is indicated for treating dyslipidemia; however, the FDA is concerned that this drug may cause liver toxicity. There were a few reports of liver toxicity before the drug came to the market; however, not enough reports existed to conclude an increased risk of liver toxicity. Which one of the following study designs is best suited to identify whether an increased risk of liver toxicity exists with superstatin?
A. Randomized controlled clinical trial
B. Prospective cohort study
C. Case-control study
D. Cross-sectional study
B. Prospective cohort study
To determine if fasting is associated with dengue fever, data from 60 patients with dengue fever were collected. These patients were matched for age, sex, and race to 40 patients without dengue fever. The hospital charts of these patients were then reviewed to determine whether they also fasted prior to their illness. What is the type of study design?
A. Cross-sectional study
B. Prospective cohort study
C. Case-control study
D. Retrospective cohort study
E. Randomized clinical trial
C. Case-control study
The standard deviation of a sampling distribution is called a
a. Sampling error
b. Standard error
c. Variance
d. Mean square
e. Coefficient of variation
b. Standard error
Which of the following sampling strategies has the best possibility of selecting a representative sample from a source population?
random sampling
Which of the following study designs is best suited for assessing an exposure‐disease relationship when the outcome is rare and/or when the latency period involved is relatively long?
a. Cross‐sectional
b. Prospective cohort
c. Retrospective cohort
d. Case‐control
d. Case‐control
A research study examined whether a home weatherization program for low income families reduced home energy consumption. The researchers selected 20 houses in Chicago, IL which were covered under the home weatherization program. They measured the average energy consumption per house once before and once after the weatherization. This ia a ____ observational study design.
pre/post