Exam 1 - Starburst Flashcards
**What are the steps of the scientific research process
- Pose a research question and hypothesis
- Develop and implement a research plan
- Perform data collection
Cross-sectional and cohort study designs are types of _____ research designs
Observational
Which validity confers that the research conducted is correct
Internal validity
Which validity confers that the research conducted is applicable to the general population
External validity
**What is the goal of evidence based medicine (EBM)
A. To utilize the relevant scientific evidence to provide highest quality patient care
B. To develop new medicines based on biomedical research
C. To conduct research to build strong evidence
D. To conduct clinical trials to develop new medicines
A. To utilize relevant scientific evidence to provide highest quality of care
Key words: relevant, highest quality
What type of research method uses previously collected data, such as medical charts
Secondary method (retrospective)
**In what phase of clinical trials does the evaluation of safety/data takes place
A. Phase I
B. Phase II
C. Phase III
D. All of these answers are correct
D. All of these answers are correct
**Which of the following statements is false regarding the process of informed consent?
A. The process of informed consent consists of four elements: informing missing word(s) comprehension, assessment of autonomy, and consent
B. Once the consent form is signed by the subject, no further negotiation with the subject regarding their consent should occur during the protocol
C. Third parties in the consent process may act as witnesses or surrogate decision maker
D. The consent form may be given to a potential subject to take home and review
B. Once the consent form is signed by the subject, no further negotiation with the subject regarding their consent should occur during the protocol
Key words: negotiation
**Equitable selection is based on which ethical principle?
Justice, because the risks of research should be shared equally
**Which of the following explains the ‘temporality’ criteria of causality?
A. Cause should occur before the effect
B. Cause should occur at the same time as effect
C. Effect should occur before the cause
D. Cause and effect should occur simultaneously
A. Cause should occur before the effect
In a case-control study:
A. First, the outcome is assessed and then the exposure is measured
B. First, the exposure is measured and then the outcome is assessed
C. Exposures and outcomes are assessed at the same time
D. Either exposures or outcomes can be measured first
A. First, the outcome is assessed and then the exposure is measured
In ____ randomization, the probability of being assigned to a group changes based on the responses of the prior patients
Adaptive
(think changes = adaptive)
**In _____ randomization, subject group assignments are balanced in order to account for characteristics of the study population, such as age and race
Stratified
A study that involves treatment A or B, then measuring outcomes over a 6 month period, is an example of _____ design
Parallel groups
(Because A is parallel to B)
The ______ is the reciprocal of absolute risk difference. SATA
A. Relative risk
B. Relative proportion
C. Number needed to treat
D. Number needed to harm
C. Number needed to treat
D. Number needed to harm
Which of the following are the reasons for conducting an observational experiment instead of a clinical trial? SATA
A. Sometimes it is not ethical to randomize subjects to harmful exposures (ex. Tobacco smoke)
B. An observational study has higher internal validity
C. A clinical trial is more expensive to conduct
D. A clinical trial has lower external validity than an observational study
A, C, D
**For a study examining the effect of exposure to large doses of acetaminophen and acute liver failure, the time period between when a person is exposed to acetaminophen and when the acute liver failure starts is called the:
A. Person-time
B. Induction period
C. Latency period
D. Follow up time
E. None of these answers are correct
B. Induction period
(induction because it’s when the study really begins - 1st exposure)
Which of the following study designs is LESS likely to produce estimates of effect which are biased due to selection bias and confounding?
A. A population based control study
B. A clinic based case control study using data from an administrative claims database
C. A prospective cohort study
D. A retrospective cohort study
E. A large randomized clinical trial
E. A large randomized clinical trial
(T/F): selection is more likely to occur in cohort studies than in case-control
False
**The process of analyzing data from a sample and using those results to determine the related values in the target population is called:
A. Statistical afference
B. Statistical induction
C. Statistical deduction
D. Statistical interference
D. Statistical interference
**Which of the following statistical distributions is an example of a normal distribution?
A. F distribution
B. Z distribution
C. Binomial distribution
D. X2 distribution
B. Z distribution
Which of the following represents the numerator when computing the incidence of prostate cancer among men in Oregon in 2012?
A. All cases of prostate cancer in Oregon in 2012
B. Newly diagnosed cases of prostate cancer in Oregon in 2012
C. All men in Oregon at risk for prostate cancer in 2012
D. All men who have received chemotherapy for prostate cancer in Oregon in 2012
B. Newley diagnosed cases of prostate cancer in Oregon in 2012
**If dizziness is assessed by asking patients to rate their dizziness on a scale from 1 to 100, what level of measurement is this
A. Ratio
B. Ordinal
C. Independent
D. Nominal
B. Ordinal
** You are conducting a study and a set an α level of 0.10. Your analysis produces a p-value of 0.09. Which of the following conclusions should you make?
A. You have reached statistical significance and reject the null hypothesis.
B. You have reached statistical significance and fail to reject the null hypothesis.
C. You have failed to reach statistical significance and reject the null hypothesis.
D. You have failed to reach statistical significance and fail to fail to reject the null hypothesis.
A. You have reached statistical significance and reject the null hypothesis
Which of the following does not describe a function of descriptive statistics?
A. Summarizing data in tables
B. Computing the mean diastolic blood pressure from a sample
C. Analyzing the significance of a relationship between variables
D. All of these answers describe functions of descriptive statistics
C. Analyzing the significance of a relationship between variables
**You are conducting a study and a set an α level of 0.10. Your analysis produces a p-value of 0.09. Which of the following conclusions should you make?
A. You have reached statistical significance and reject the null hypothesis.
B. You have reached statistical significance and fail to reject the null hypothesis.
C. You have failed to reach statistical significance and reject the null hypothesis.
D. You have failed to reach statistical significance and fail to fail to reject the null hypothesis.
A. You have reached statistical significance and reject the null hypothesis
**Which of the following statements about conclusions and errors in hypothesis testing is correct
A. Type I error is also known as a β error.
B. Statistical power can be defined as (1 - Type I error rate).
C. Failing to reject the null when it is false is a Type II error.
D. The confidence level is unrelated to the Type I error rate.
C. Failing to reject the null when it is false is a type II error
In a study of the effect of daily meditation sessions on blood pressure, the difference in pressure for a group of patients receiving medication therapy and daily mediation is 8.6 mm Hg lower than those receiving medication alone (95% confidence interval: -2.6 to 19.8) Which of the following is a correct conclusion from the confidence interval?
A. The researchers are 95% confident that there is an 8.6 mm Hg difference in blood pressure between the groups
B. There is 95% chance that the researchers are correct about their 8.6 mm Hg between the groups
C. The difference between the two groups is statistically significant
D. The researchers are 95% confident that the interval of -2.6 to 19.8 contains difference.
A. The researchers are 95% confident that there is an 8.6 mm Hg difference in blood pressure between the groups
Which of the following statements regarding confidence intervals is correct? [Note: in each statement, assume that all other factors are being held constant.]
A. Increasing the sample size will increase the width of a confidence interval
B. Decreasing the point estimate will decrease the width of a confidence interval
C. Increasing the confidence level will not change the width of missing word
D. Decreasing the variability will decrease the width of the confidence interval
D. Decreasing the variability will decrease the width of the confidence interval
A group of researchers conducted a study to compare the effects a new dosing regimen for pneumonia compared to the standard regimen. They found that the median time to clinical cure with the new dosing regimen was 10% shorter than with the standard regimen (p = 0.025). What is the correct interpretation of the p-value?
A. There is a 2.5% probability that a patient receiving the new regimen will have their time to cure reduced by 10%.
B. The probability of committing a Type I error rate in this study was 97.5%.
C. The probability that a chance process would produce a 10% reduction in time to clinical cure was 2.5%
D. There is not enough information to interpret the p-value.
C. The probability that a chance process would produce a 10% reduction in time to clinical cure was 2.5%
What is a z-score?
A. A z-score represents the number of standard deviations that a raw score is above or below the mean
B. A z-score is greater than the standard error of the mean
C. A z-score is equal to the standard deviations of a sampling mean
D. All of the above
A. A z-score represents the number of standard deviations that a raw score is above or below the mean