Exam 1 - Julia's Quizlets Flashcards
What are the types of research
Basic (biological)
Applied
Clinical
Translational
Patient-centered
Epidemiological
Behavioral
Pharmacy practice and policy
Comparative effectiveness
(Please ACCEPT Blind Boys)
What is basic (biological) research comprised of
Biochemistry
Genetics
Biology
What is applied research comprised of
Pharmaceutics
Medicinal chemistry
Pharmacology
Pharmacotherapy
(PMPP)
What is clinical research comprised of
- includes research involving human participants; either specimens from them or the humans themselves (eg behavioral studies)
- research clinical trials are required for FDA approval
What is translational research
Utilizes technology and innovation along with new practices
What is biomedical research
Involves biological and medical sciences to understand and improve the health of patients and populations
Types of biomedical research
Basic research
Applied research
Basic research (biomedical)
- systematic study directed toward fuller knowledge/understanding of phenomena and observable facts without specific applications towards processes/products in mind
- usually conducted in labs to provide knowledge of natural phenomenon
What are the areas of inquiry of basic research
Biology
Genetics
Physiology
Biochemistry
(Babes Get Pointy Boobs)
Why is basic research imperative for applied research
Knowledge must exist before it can be applied
Applied research
- systematic study to gain knowledge/understanding necessary to determine how a recognized and specific need may be met
- utilized to develop a product/application like new meds, drug regimens, services
How is applied research conducted
In animals and other living systems to solve a problem/create a product
What are the areas of inquiry for applied research
Pharmacology
Medicinal chemistry
Pharmaceutics
(Pretty Mia Pino)
Describe the development component of drug development
Systematic application of knowledge/understanding, directed toward production of useful materials/devices/systems/methods
Define research and development
Creative work undertaken on a systematic basis to increase stock of knowledge including:
- knowledge of man
- culture and society
- use of stock knowledge to devise new applications
Limitations of research and development
- time consuming
- very expensive
- takes ~15 years for new product to enter market
- average cost = ~$2B
What is clinical research
Defined by NIH as:
Research that either 1. Directly involves a particular person/group of people or 2. Uses materials from humans (ex behavior, samples of tissue)
What does clinical research help us understand
application of knowledge for products or processes in the:
- prevention
- diagnosis
- prognosis
- treatment
- cure
Of diseases in humans
What type of research does clinical research encompass
Patient oriented research
Epidemiological
Health services research
(HEP)
Patient oriented research (clinical)
Examines in humans:
- mechanisms of disease
- effects of drug therapies & interventions
- utilization of tech & devices in humans
Epidemiological (clinical)
Also includes behavioral research which evaluates distribution and factors associated with:
- diseases
- health behavior
- health in general
Health services research (clinical)
Evaluates effectiveness and efficiency of:
- treatment interventions
- services in real world practice
What is pharmaceutical practice and policy research a component of
Health services research
Define pharmaceutical practice and policy research
Multidisciplinary field of scientific investigation that examines cost/access/quality of pharmaceutical care from these perspectives:
- clinical
- socio-behavioral
- economic
- organizational
- technological
Which areas of pharmacy are within the scope of pharmaceutical practice and policy research
Pharmaceutical
Pharmacist services
Pharmacy systems
What is the goal of pharmaceutical practice and policy research
Increase knowledge of pharmaceuticals, pharmacist services, and pharmacy systems for individuals/populations
What are some new areas of pharmaceutical practice and policy research
- pharmacoepidemiology
- pharmacoeconomics
- pharmaceutical outcome research
- pharmacy practice based research
Comparative effectiveness research
Aims to generate and synthesize evidence that compares the benefits/harms of alternative methods
What is the goal of comparative effectiveness research
Provide info to decision makers at individual and population levels
What are the findings of comparative effectiveness research used for
Prevent/diagnose/treat/monitor a clinical condition or to improve delivery of care
Translational research
- transferring knowledge across the research and practiced continuum
- applying discoveries in labs & preclinical studies to the development of trials and studies in humans
- aims to enhance adoption of best practices in the community
Empiricism
- collection of info based on human experience
- info derived from sensory experience
Which disease states could translational research be essential for
Ex. Cancer & AIDS
Diseases that are in need for products to cure
Patient centered outcomes research (PCOR)
Helps patient communicate and make informed healthcare decisions
Allows the pt’s voice to be heard in assessing value of healthcare options
Research topics funded by PCORI
- assessment of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment options
- improving access and care in healthcare systems
- communication and dissemination research for shared decision making
- addressing disparities in prevention, diagnosis, or treatment effectiveness
- accelerating pt centered outcomes research and methodology research
What was created to fund research in order to generate evidence for pt centered care outcomes
Patient centered outcomes institute (PCORI)
4 determinants of scientific methodology
Theory
Objectivity
Empiricism
Ethics
(TOEE)
Objectivity
NO bias in any aspect of research including:
- definition
- measurement
- design
- analysis
Theory
- provides understanding/explanation of natural phenomena
- provides rationale & logic for research question and hypothesis
Steps in scientific research process
- develop research questions & hypothesis
- develop & implement research plan
- perform data collection & analysis
- prepare research report
Sources used to develop research question
Policy
Current issue
Theory
Literature
Clinical practice
(Point Cassie Towards Loser Central)
Desirable characteristics of a research question
Feasible
Interesting
Novel
Ethical
Relevant
(FINER)
Considerations when formulation a research question
Environment
Resource availability
Access to pt data
(in your research question ERA)
PICOTS framework for development of a clinical question
Patient/population
Intervention
Comparator
Outcomes
Timeline
Setting
ECHO framework used in pharmaceutical practice and policy research
Economical
Clinical
Humanistic
Outcomes
Descriptive research
Describes/explores population characteristics
Ex. Prevalence of a disease
How is research typically classified
Descriptive
Analytical
Analytical research
Evaluations relationship between 2+ variables for the purpose of explanation/prediction
Hypothesis
- typically developed in clinical research
- specifies expected/proposed relationship being evaluated between intervention and outcome
Research design classifications
Experimental
Observational
Experimental research design
Strongest design to test a research hypothesis
Research design
Overall plan allowing researchers to gather answers to study questions and test study hypotheses
Research methodology
Provides details on data collection and measurement techniques
How is research methodology grouped
Primary methods
Secondary methods
Observational research design
Provide evidence of associations/relationships
Ex. Cohort studies, cross-sectional studies
Primary methods
Specific data collection using self-reported observations, biological assessments
(Ex. Surveys, lab tests)
Statistical analysis
- quantitative answers to research questions
- organizes, summarizes, and analyzes data
- includes descriptive measures such as mean, median, mode
- includes inferential statistics such as t-test and analysis of variances (used to make inferences on population)
Which sections are included in a research report
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Evidence based medicine steps
- Asking an appropriate and answerable question
- Finding evidence
- Appraising evidence
- Applying evidence to practice