Exam 1 PE 4750

Question 1

What are the three sport psychology roles?

Answer 1

Role 1 - teach
Role 2 -Research
Role 3 -Consult/practice

Question 2

What does the teach role do?

Answer 2

Most sport psychology specialists in the United States work in universities.
Teach undergraduate and graduate courses
Educational services to community and sport organizations

Question 3

What does the research role do?

Answer 3

Design, implement, and evaluate research.
Two main types of research:
Applied research
Theoretical research

Question 4

What does the consult/practice role do?

Answer 4

Help individuals and teams
Improve performance,
Manage demands, and
Enhance well-being
Consulting specialties
Counseling and clinical
Educational – mental skill training

Question 5

Clinical Sport Psychologists are who?

Answer 5

Licensed psychologists
Trained to work with people with severe emotional disorders
Trained to help athletes with problems such as eating disorders and substance abuse

Question 6

Educational Specialists are who?

Answer 6

Use the mental coach approach—understand the psychology of human movement
Have training in physical education, kinesiology, or exercise and sport science
Educate and increase athletes’ and coaches’ awareness of issues such as anxiety management and confidence development

Question 7

What are the ABC’s?

Answer 7

– Affect (one’s feelings)
– Behavior (Action)
– Cognition (thoughts)

Question 8

Sport and Exercise Psychology is what?

Answer 8

The scientific study of people and their behaviors in sport
and exercise activities and the practical application of that
knowledge
(continued)

Question 9

The Two Objectives of Sport
and Exercise Psychology are?

Answer 9

1. To understand the effects of psychological factors on
   physical and motor performance
2. To understand the effects of participation in physical
   activity on psychological development, health, and well-
   being.

Question 10

Women in Sport and Exercise Psychology

Answer 10

• Historically, women were not given the same opportunities
  as their male counterparts, and women who were involved
  often had to overcome prejudices and other major
  obstacles to professional advancement.
• Women’s contributions have often been underreported in
  scientific history.
• Contributions of women to sport and exercise psychology
  are not limited to the United States. Women from around
  the world have made major contributions.

Question 10

Key Women in the History of Sport
and Exercise Psychology are?

Answer 10

• 1940s: Dorothy Yates
• 1970s and 1980s: Dorothy Harris
• 1980s to present: Joan Duda, Deb Feltz, Diane Gill, Penny
  McCullagh, Carole Oglesby, Tara Scanlan, Maureen Weiss,
  and Jean Williams
• Key international women contributors: Ema Geron of
  Bulgaria, Russian Natalia Stambulova, German-born
  Dorothea Alfermann, and Spaniard Gloria Balague

Question 11

What is the ultimate goal of exercise psycology?

Answer 11

Theory

Question 12

Scientific Guidelines are?

Answer 12

• Systematic
• Controlled
• Empirical
• Critical

Question 13

What is Theory?

Answer 13

A set of interrelated facts presenting a systematic view of
some phenomenon in order to describe, explain, and
predict its future occurrences

Question 14

What is a Study?

Answer 14

The investigator observes or assesses without
changing the environment in any way.

Question 15

What is an experiment?

Answer 15

The investigator manipulates variables while
observing them, then examines how changes in one or
more variables affect changes in others.

Question 16

Types of Data are?

Answer 16

• Qualitative data is data collected through interviews with
  an individual or focus groups, or through observation and
  is typically non-numerical in nature.
• Quantitative data is numerical in nature and involves
  survey responses, objective measures of physical
  responses (e.g., heart rate), or field observations.

Question 17

The RE-AIM Model of Knowledge Integration is?

Answer 17

• Reach: whom the program affects, the degree to which
  the program affects the target audience
• Efficacy: positive and negative outcomes of the program
• Adoption: who actually uses the completed program
• Implementation: assessment of whether the program is
  delivered as specified
• Maintenance: sustaining the program over time

Question 18

How is Sport and Exercise Psychology
an Art and a Science

Answer 18

• The science of coaching, teaching, or leadership
  focuses on using general scientific principles.
• The art of coaching, teaching, or leadership is knowing
  when and how to individualize these general principles.
  Contextual intelligence is critical.

Question 19

Three Approaches to Sport
and Exercise Psychology

Answer 19

• Psychophysiological orientation
• Social–psychological orientation
• Cognitive–behavioral orientation

Question 20

Psychophysiological Orientation

Answer 20

• Examines underlying psychophysiological processes of
  the brain in terms of primary causes of behavior.
• Example: Biofeedback to trained marksmen
• Sport neuroscience is emerging as part of this orientation
  and examines brain–behavior links.
• Examples: Expert versus novice performer differences in
  brain wave activity, brain wave patterns associated with
  athlete preshot routines, and effectiveness of
  neurofeedback on athletic performance

Question 21

Social–Psychological Orientation

Answer 21

• Behavior is determined by a complex interaction of the
  social environment and the personal makeup of the athlete
  or exerciser.
• Example: How a leader’s style and strategies foster group
  cohesion

Question 22

Cognitive–Behavioral Orientation

Answer 22

• Behavior is determined by both the environment and
  thoughts (cognitions).
• Example: Studying differences in confidence and anxiety
  among tennis players with or without burnout

Question 23

Present and Future of Sport
and Exercise Psychology

Answer 23

• There are more consulting and service opportunities; more
  people are interested in acquiring training in psychological
  skills and applied work.
• There is greater emphasis on counseling and clinical
  training for sport and exercise psychologists.
• Ethics and competence issues are receiving greater
  emphasis.
• Specialization and new subspecialties are developing.
  and Exercise Psychology (2 of 5)
• Tension continues to exist between practitioners of
  academic and applied sport psychology.
• Qualitative research methods are now accepted.
• Applied sport psychologists have more work opportunities
  than ever but only limited chances for full-time positions.
• Sport psychology is gaining increased acceptance and
  recognition of its usefulness as a sport science.
  (continued)
• There is increased emphasis on athlete mental health.
• The positive psychology movement in general psychology
  helps sport and exercise psychology expand into new
  areas such as business, music, and the performing arts.
• Embracing the globalization of sport and exercise
  psychology is paramount for contemporary students of
  the field and will increase in years to come.
  (continued)
• Multidisciplinary research is increasing such that sport and
  exercise psychologists will work with experts from other
  kinesiology subdisciplines and across other disciplines.
• As technology develops at record pace and changes all
  aspects of lives, sport psychologists are learning how to
  use these technologies to facilitate efforts. The use of
  technology creates great opportunities and challenges.
  (continued)
• More emphasis in contemporary sport psychology is being
  placed on studying cultural diversity and on increasing
  understanding, facilitating inclusion, and embracing
  diversity.
• Applied sport psychology is becoming more
  professionalized, and certification standards are
  increasing. Consultants need to pass a rigorous written
  examination based on a job task analysis of what sport
  psychology consultants do.

Question 24

Ethical Standards for Sport
and Exercise Psychologists consist of what?

Answer 24

1. Competence: Maintain the highest standards in your
   work and recognize the limits of your expertise.
2. Integrity: Clarify roles and do not falsely advertise.
3. Professional and scientific responsibility: Always place
   the interests of clients first.
4. Respect for people’s rights and dignity: Respect such
   fundamental rights as privacy and confidentiality among
   clients.
5. Concern for the welfare of others: Always contribute to
   the welfare of those with whom you work.
6. Social responsibility: Contribute to knowledge and
   human welfare while always protecting participants’
   interests.