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BMME 485 > Exam 1- Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1- Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Two essential functions of living creatures

A

reproduce their own genome
manufacture their own energy

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2
Q

Functions of proteins

A

essential for cell architecture
gives cell particular shape and structure
replication
provide channels in membrane

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3
Q

What is the central dogma of biology

A

genetic information flows from chromosomes (DNA) to mRNA in the nucleus–>Transcription, then from mRNA to proteins (amino acids) in the ribosome (Translation)

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4
Q

What is transcription

A

making RNA copy of the DNA code

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5
Q

What is the steps of transcription

A

DNA uncoiled
melting strands at start of gene
make RNA molecule that is complementary in sequence to template strand of DNA

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6
Q

What is electronegativety

A

measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons
top right of periodic table is most electronegative

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7
Q

Four categories of biochemical building blocks

A

Nucleotides
Amino acids
Lipids
Carbohydrates

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8
Q

Polysaccharides are made up of

A

sugars

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9
Q

Proteins are made up of

A

amino acids

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10
Q

Nucleic acids are made up of

A

nucleotides

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11
Q

Ribose contains

A

Hydroxyl group

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12
Q

What is mitochondrial DNA

A

small, circular DNA
replication resembles plasmids
derived from endocytosis of bacteria

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13
Q

Components of phospholipid

A

polar group, phosphate, glycerol, and fatty acid

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14
Q

Four different posttranslational modifications

A

Carb addition
Lipid addition
Regulation
Modified amino acids

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15
Q

What are the five different types of viruses

A

dsDNA
ssDNA
ssRNA (+)
ssRNA (-)
Satelite viruses

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16
Q

What is dsDNA

A

does not integrate
can be directly synthesized with host machinery and be produced

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17
Q

What is ssDNA

A

uses DNA to make dsDNA then produced

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18
Q

What is ssRNA (+)

A

coding mRNA used directly by host ribosomes

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19
Q

What is ssRNA (-)

A

they have the proteins to make dsRNA and then use host

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20
Q

What are satellite viruses

A

need helper virus to work

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21
Q

What is COVID

A

an ssRNA (+)

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22
Q

How does COVID work

A

ssRNA (+) that stays in cytosol (doesn’t integrate into genome), encodes the RNA dependent RNA polymerase to make viral mRNA to make viral proteins

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23
Q

What are RNA viruses

A

encode an RNA dependent RNA polymerase
RdRp transcribes viral RNA genome into mRNA and replice genome

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24
Q

How do mRNA vaccines work

A

sprike protein produced in lab using mRNA
put into body
spike proteins recognized by immune system produces antibodies
if infected antibodies stop virus

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25
Q

How do Viral vector vaccines work

A

spike protein extracted
inserted into harmless virus
spike proteins recognized by immune system produces antibodies
if infected antibodies stop virus

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26
Q

Describe egg based vaccines

A

live virus injected into chicken eggs, extracted, inactivated and injected

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27
Q

Describe cell-based vaccines

A

cultured on other cell types
inactivate and injected

28
Q

What is used to make complementary sequence of template strand

A

RNA polymerase

29
Q

What is the promoter region

A

where RNA polymerase starts
commonly TATAA box

30
Q

What are open reading frames

A

stretch of DNA that encodes a protein

31
Q

What regions are before and after ORF

A

5’ UTR and 3’ UTR

32
Q

The template strand is the

A

noncoding, antisense strand
strand used by RNA polymerase
adds nucleotides

33
Q

The coding strand is the

A

nontemplate, sense strand
identical to the mRNA except for it has T instead of U

34
Q

RNA synthesis starts with

A

CAT

35
Q

Is the distance between genes larger or smaller in prokaryotes

A

smaller

36
Q

Is the distance between genes larger or smaller in eukaryotes

A

Larger

37
Q

What are operons

A

clusters of genes that share same promoter and are transcribed as single large mRNA containing multiple structural genes

38
Q

What is polyintrinsic mRNA

A

mRNA containing multiple structural genes
found in prokaryotes

39
Q

What is monocistronic mRNA

A

each mRNA has 1 cistron

40
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase I

A

transcribes eukaryotic genes for large ribosomal RNA

41
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase II

A

transcribes genes for tRNA and smaller rRNA

42
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase III

A

transcribes genes that encodes proteins

43
Q

What are transcription factors

A

upstream elements that bind proteins

44
Q

What are TATAA binding proteins

A

recognizes TATAA box
tells transcription factors and proteins to bind to RNA polymerase

45
Q

What are activators in prokaryotic transcription regulation

A

positive regulation, genes expressed when activator gets positive signal

46
Q

What are repressors in prokaryotic transcription regulation

A

genes expressed when repressor is removed

47
Q

What are the three lac operon promoter regions

A

lacZ, lacY, and lacA

48
Q

What is upstream of the promoters (lac operon)

A

lac operon repressor–>encodes lacI protein

49
Q

What does lacZ encode for

A

B-galactosidase–>cleaves lactose

50
Q

What does lacY encode for

A

lactose permease–>transports lactose

51
Q

What does lacA encode for

A

acetylase

52
Q

What is lacO

A

binding site of repressor on promoter

53
Q

No glucose, yes lactose

A

ON

54
Q

No glucose, no lactose

A

OFF

55
Q

Yes glucose, no lactose

A

OFF

56
Q

Yes glucose, yes lactose

A

OFF

57
Q

What are enhancers

A

short region of DNA that can be bound by proteins to increase chance that transcription of gene will occur

58
Q

What are insulators

A

prevent enhancers from activating wrong genes

59
Q

What are insulator binding proteins

A

blocks action of enhancers not within looper region
connects DNA to form large loops

60
Q

Epigentics

A

heritable change in DNA other than changes in nucleotide sequences

61
Q

What are the four types of epigenetics

A

histone modifications
cytosine methylation
nucleosome remodeling
DNA methylation

62
Q

steps in eukaryotic mRNA processing

A

5’ end cap
adding poly A tail
removal of introns
exons spliced together to form mRNA

63
Q

What are codons

A

groups of three bases

64
Q

What do ribosomes do

A

unites mRNA with appropriate tRNAs and catalyzes linkage of amino acids together in chain

65
Q

What are the three sites in ribosome

A

A-acceptor
P- peptide
E- exit sites

66
Q
A

BMME 485 (15 decks)

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