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BMME 485 > Exam 1- Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1- Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Two essential functions of living creatures

A

reproduce their own genome
manufacture their own energy

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2
Q

Functions of proteins

A

essential for cell architecture
gives cell particular shape and structure
replication
provide channels in membrane

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3
Q

What is the central dogma of biology

A

genetic information flows from chromosomes (DNA) to mRNA in the nucleus–>Transcription, then from mRNA to proteins (amino acids) in the ribosome (Translation)

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4
Q

What is transcription

A

making RNA copy of the DNA code

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5
Q

What is the steps of transcription

A

DNA uncoiled
melting strands at start of gene
make RNA molecule that is complementary in sequence to template strand of DNA

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6
Q

What is electronegativety

A

measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons
top right of periodic table is most electronegative

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7
Q

Four categories of biochemical building blocks

A

Nucleotides
Amino acids
Lipids
Carbohydrates

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8
Q

Polysaccharides are made up of

A

sugars

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9
Q

Proteins are made up of

A

amino acids

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10
Q

Nucleic acids are made up of

A

nucleotides

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11
Q

Ribose contains

A

Hydroxyl group

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12
Q

What is mitochondrial DNA

A

small, circular DNA
replication resembles plasmids
derived from endocytosis of bacteria

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13
Q

Components of phospholipid

A

polar group, phosphate, glycerol, and fatty acid

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14
Q

Four different posttranslational modifications

A

Carb addition
Lipid addition
Regulation
Modified amino acids

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15
Q

What are the five different types of viruses

A

dsDNA
ssDNA
ssRNA (+)
ssRNA (-)
Satelite viruses

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16
Q

What is dsDNA

A

does not integrate
can be directly synthesized with host machinery and be produced

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17
Q

What is ssDNA

A

uses DNA to make dsDNA then produced

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18
Q

What is ssRNA (+)

A

coding mRNA used directly by host ribosomes

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19
Q

What is ssRNA (-)

A

they have the proteins to make dsRNA and then use host

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20
Q

What are satellite viruses

A

need helper virus to work

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21
Q

What is COVID

A

an ssRNA (+)

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22
Q

How does COVID work

A

ssRNA (+) that stays in cytosol (doesn’t integrate into genome), encodes the RNA dependent RNA polymerase to make viral mRNA to make viral proteins

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23
Q

What are RNA viruses

A

encode an RNA dependent RNA polymerase
RdRp transcribes viral RNA genome into mRNA and replice genome

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24
Q

How do mRNA vaccines work

A

sprike protein produced in lab using mRNA
put into body
spike proteins recognized by immune system produces antibodies
if infected antibodies stop virus

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25
How do Viral vector vaccines work
spike protein extracted inserted into harmless virus spike proteins recognized by immune system produces antibodies if infected antibodies stop virus
26
Describe egg based vaccines
live virus injected into chicken eggs, extracted, inactivated and injected
27
Describe cell-based vaccines
cultured on other cell types inactivate and injected
28
What is used to make complementary sequence of template strand
RNA polymerase
29
What is the promoter region
where RNA polymerase starts commonly TATAA box
30
What are open reading frames
stretch of DNA that encodes a protein
31
What regions are before and after ORF
5' UTR and 3' UTR
32
The template strand is the
noncoding, antisense strand strand used by RNA polymerase adds nucleotides
33
The coding strand is the
nontemplate, sense strand identical to the mRNA except for it has T instead of U
34
RNA synthesis starts with
CAT
35
Is the distance between genes larger or smaller in prokaryotes
smaller
36
Is the distance between genes larger or smaller in eukaryotes
Larger
37
What are operons
clusters of genes that share same promoter and are transcribed as single large mRNA containing multiple structural genes
38
What is polyintrinsic mRNA
mRNA containing multiple structural genes found in prokaryotes
39
What is monocistronic mRNA
each mRNA has 1 cistron
40
What is the function of RNA polymerase I
transcribes eukaryotic genes for large ribosomal RNA
41
What is the function of RNA polymerase II
transcribes genes for tRNA and smaller rRNA
42
What is the function of RNA polymerase III
transcribes genes that encodes proteins
43
What are transcription factors
upstream elements that bind proteins
44
What are TATAA binding proteins
recognizes TATAA box tells transcription factors and proteins to bind to RNA polymerase
45
What are activators in prokaryotic transcription regulation
positive regulation, genes expressed when activator gets positive signal
46
What are repressors in prokaryotic transcription regulation
genes expressed when repressor is removed
47
What are the three lac operon promoter regions
lacZ, lacY, and lacA
48
What is upstream of the promoters (lac operon)
lac operon repressor-->encodes lacI protein
49
What does lacZ encode for
B-galactosidase-->cleaves lactose
50
What does lacY encode for
lactose permease-->transports lactose
51
What does lacA encode for
acetylase
52
What is lacO
binding site of repressor on promoter
53
No glucose, yes lactose
ON
54
No glucose, no lactose
OFF
55
Yes glucose, no lactose
OFF
56
Yes glucose, yes lactose
OFF
57
What are enhancers
short region of DNA that can be bound by proteins to increase chance that transcription of gene will occur
58
What are insulators
prevent enhancers from activating wrong genes
59
What are insulator binding proteins
blocks action of enhancers not within looper region connects DNA to form large loops
60
Epigentics
heritable change in DNA other than changes in nucleotide sequences
61
What are the four types of epigenetics
histone modifications cytosine methylation nucleosome remodeling DNA methylation
62
steps in eukaryotic mRNA processing
5' end cap adding poly A tail removal of introns exons spliced together to form mRNA
63
What are codons
groups of three bases
64
What do ribosomes do
unites mRNA with appropriate tRNAs and catalyzes linkage of amino acids together in chain
65
What are the three sites in ribosome
A-acceptor P- peptide E- exit sites
66

BMME 485 (15 decks)

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