Exam 1; Host Responses to Periodontal Bacteria Flashcards
Bacteria attach and colonize what?
the gingival crevice
some species can invade the periodontal soft tissues
Bacteria release substances that do what
directly damage the host cells
Bacteria do this to the host’s own inflammatory and immune systems; leading to host tissue damage
activate
What are the four major microbial virulence factors
ability to invade periodontal epithelium
direct cytotoxic effects of bacterial metabolic waste products
damaging bacterial enzymes
immunostimulatory molecules
What are four metabolic waste products of bacteria with cytotoxic effects
ammonia
indole compounds
fatty acids
hydrogen sulfide
What are two damaging bacterial enzymes
leukotoxin
gingipains
What are five immunostimulatory molecules found in bacteria
LPS (gram -) lipoteichoic acids (gram +) gingipans formylpeptides other surface antigens
What are the three mechanisms of periodontal defense
prevention of bacterial entry
innate immune response
acquired immune response
What are three methods to prevent bacterial entry
shedding of epithelial cells into the oral cavity
intact epithelial border
positive fluid flow into the gingival crevice
What does the gingival crevicular fluid originate as
gingival tissue interstital fluid
This component of the innate immune response induces bacterial lysis, promotes phagocytic recruitment, promotes phagocytosis by opsonization of bacteria, helps activate mast cells, which increases vascular permeability
complement system
This component of the innate immune response consists of the release of cytokines which recruit inflammatory cells
oral epithelium produces pro-inflammatory cytokines
What are three components of the innate immune response
oral mucosa produces anti-microbial peptides
antimicrobial effect of antibiotics, lactoferrin, and lysozyme
phagocytic function of neutrophils and macrophages
What three things are involved with the adaptive/acquired response
Ag recognition
immune memory
clonal expansion
True or False
Bacteria can colonize supra or sub gingival environments
True
This plays an important role in balancing host defenses and pathogenic agents
salivary flow
These play a major role in the induction of the innate immune response, they recognize conserved microbial-associated molecular patterns
Toll-like receptors
TLRs are expressed by all cells, and signal for the cells to produce what
cytokines, chemokines, antimicrobial peptides, nitric oxide and eicosanoids
What are some biological activities of LPS
complement activation PNM & macrophage activation pyrogenicity stimulation of bone respiration and prostaglandin synthesis induction of TNF
These are mediators of innate immunity and are involved in the coordination of the inflammatory response
cytokines
These cytokines are involved with pro-inflammatory activity
IL-1β
TNF-α
This cytokine is involved with chemotactic activity
IL-8
This is derived from arachidonic acid produced by activated macrophage and other cells
prostaglandins
Prostaglandins induce what two things
vasodilation and cytokine production
This specific prostaglandin induces production of matrix metalloproteinases by fibroblasts and osteoclasts which damages periodontal tissue
PGE2
These degrade extracellular matrix and the concentrations of this are higher in inflamed gingiva than in healthy gingiva
matrix metalloproteinases
What is an example of a matrix metalloproteinase
PMN collagenase; degrades the major structural protein in the gingiva
These antagonize inflammation and inhibit degradation of matrix proteins
proteinase inhibitors
This proteinase inhibitor is broad spectrum
alpha-2 macroglobulin
This proteinase inhibitor is broad spectrum and a potent inhibitor of PMN collagenase
alpha-1 antitrypsin
This type of antimicrobial peptides inhibit bacteria and fungi and is prodded by salivary gland epithelium
defensins
This type of antimicrobial peptides inhibit bacteria and fungi by cheating zinc; produced by epithelium, PMNs, monocytes, and macrophages
calprotectin
Where are PMNs (neutrophils) deployed from
the blood
Where are macrophages found
in organs and tissues
Where are mast cells found
throughout the body, especially in connective tissue subjacent to mucosal surfaces
This increases vascular permeability resulting in redness, edema, and increased gingival crevicular fluid flow
acute inflammation or injury
These deliver antimicrobial substances to bacteria in the early stages on infection
PMNs
What are four mechanisms for PMNs to destroy bacteria
secretion
respiratory burst
phagocyotsis
lysis/apoptosis
PMN activities are triggered by what
receptor binding events
PMN surface has what kind of receptors
high affinity
The PMNs travel through what to get to the gingival crevice
JE
What are the three stages leading up to extravasation that PMNs undergo
random contact
rolling
sticking
These are released from the PMN granules
mediators
What is the quantity of plasma, B, and T cells in chronic periodontitis
plasma > B > T
there is not a lot of control in the lesion1
What two things can serve as an antigen in the adaptive immune response
LPS
bacterial proteins
What type of cells function as antigen presenting cells
macrophages
Langerhans cells
The T cell receptor has 2 glycoprotein chains (α and β) with variable segments, the variable segments determine what
the type of immune response
True or False
The TCR on periodontitis is different before and after therapy and TCRs differ between chronic and aggressive periodontitis
True
This interleukin has multiple purposes; inhibit cytokines, inhibit IL4/5/6 and stimulate anti-body production; found in aggressive periodontitis
IL-10
Because there are not many Tk cells in periodontits, what does this suggest
That viruses and invasive bacteria are not major players
The antigen-antibody complex triggers what two things to occur
complement activation
opsonization
What are the two types of B cells
conventionasl; produces antibodies in which the numbers decrease after treatment
autodreactive; produces autoantibodies, in which the numbers do not decrease after treatment
This immunoglobulin is found more in chronic periodontits than aggressive
IgG1
This immunoglobulin is found more is aggressive periodontitis than chronic periodontitis
IgG2
why if IgG2 found more in aggressive periodontitis than in IgG1
IgG2 recognizes LPS while other subclass mainly recognize protein antigens
Homing of relevant immune cells takes place where
within the periodontal lesion
TH2 cells outnumber TH1 cells in what kind of periodontal lesions
chronic
These are among the most prominent and active secretory cells in advanced periodontal lesions
plasma
The ratio of IgG subtypes is similar in what
serum and GCF
An individuals ability to mount a specific antibody attack to bacteria in the sub gingival biofilm may indicate a patients susceptibility to what
the disease and the ability to respond to treatment
The screening of what two things in important when diagnosing active disease
whole saliva and GCF
