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Periodontology 1 > Exam 1; Host Responses to Periodontal Bacteria > Flashcards

Exam 1; Host Responses to Periodontal Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria attach and colonize what?

A

the gingival crevice

some species can invade the periodontal soft tissues

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2
Q

Bacteria release substances that do what

A

directly damage the host cells

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3
Q

Bacteria do this to the host’s own inflammatory and immune systems; leading to host tissue damage

A

activate

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4
Q

What are the four major microbial virulence factors

A

ability to invade periodontal epithelium
direct cytotoxic effects of bacterial metabolic waste products
damaging bacterial enzymes
immunostimulatory molecules

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5
Q

What are four metabolic waste products of bacteria with cytotoxic effects

A

ammonia
indole compounds
fatty acids
hydrogen sulfide

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6
Q

What are two damaging bacterial enzymes

A

leukotoxin

gingipains

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7
Q

What are five immunostimulatory molecules found in bacteria

A 
LPS (gram -)
lipoteichoic acids (gram +)
gingipans
formylpeptides
other surface antigens
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8
Q

What are the three mechanisms of periodontal defense

A

prevention of bacterial entry
innate immune response
acquired immune response

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9
Q

What are three methods to prevent bacterial entry

A

shedding of epithelial cells into the oral cavity
intact epithelial border
positive fluid flow into the gingival crevice

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10
Q

What does the gingival crevicular fluid originate as

A

gingival tissue interstital fluid

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11
Q

This component of the innate immune response induces bacterial lysis, promotes phagocytic recruitment, promotes phagocytosis by opsonization of bacteria, helps activate mast cells, which increases vascular permeability

A

complement system

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12
Q

This component of the innate immune response consists of the release of cytokines which recruit inflammatory cells

A

oral epithelium produces pro-inflammatory cytokines

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13
Q

What are three components of the innate immune response

A

oral mucosa produces anti-microbial peptides
antimicrobial effect of antibiotics, lactoferrin, and lysozyme
phagocytic function of neutrophils and macrophages

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14
Q

What three things are involved with the adaptive/acquired response

A

Ag recognition
immune memory
clonal expansion

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15
Q

True or False

Bacteria can colonize supra or sub gingival environments

A

True

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16
Q

This plays an important role in balancing host defenses and pathogenic agents

A

salivary flow

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17
Q

These play a major role in the induction of the innate immune response, they recognize conserved microbial-associated molecular patterns

A

Toll-like receptors

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18
Q

TLRs are expressed by all cells, and signal for the cells to produce what

A

cytokines, chemokines, antimicrobial peptides, nitric oxide and eicosanoids

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19
Q

What are some biological activities of LPS

A 
complement activation
PNM & macrophage activation
pyrogenicity
stimulation of bone respiration and prostaglandin synthesis
induction of TNF
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20
Q

These are mediators of innate immunity and are involved in the coordination of the inflammatory response

A

cytokines

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21
Q

These cytokines are involved with pro-inflammatory activity

A

IL-1β

TNF-α

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22
Q

This cytokine is involved with chemotactic activity

A

IL-8

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23
Q

This is derived from arachidonic acid produced by activated macrophage and other cells

A

prostaglandins

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24
Q

Prostaglandins induce what two things

A

vasodilation and cytokine production

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25
This specific prostaglandin induces production of matrix metalloproteinases by fibroblasts and osteoclasts which damages periodontal tissue
PGE2
26
These degrade extracellular matrix and the concentrations of this are higher in inflamed gingiva than in healthy gingiva
matrix metalloproteinases
27
What is an example of a matrix metalloproteinase
PMN collagenase; degrades the major structural protein in the gingiva
28
These antagonize inflammation and inhibit degradation of matrix proteins
proteinase inhibitors
29
This proteinase inhibitor is broad spectrum
alpha-2 macroglobulin
30
This proteinase inhibitor is broad spectrum and a potent inhibitor of PMN collagenase
alpha-1 antitrypsin
31
This type of antimicrobial peptides inhibit bacteria and fungi and is prodded by salivary gland epithelium
defensins
32
This type of antimicrobial peptides inhibit bacteria and fungi by cheating zinc; produced by epithelium, PMNs, monocytes, and macrophages
calprotectin
33
Where are PMNs (neutrophils) deployed from
the blood
34
Where are macrophages found
in organs and tissues
35
Where are mast cells found
throughout the body, especially in connective tissue subjacent to mucosal surfaces
36
This increases vascular permeability resulting in redness, edema, and increased gingival crevicular fluid flow
acute inflammation or injury
37
These deliver antimicrobial substances to bacteria in the early stages on infection
PMNs
38
What are four mechanisms for PMNs to destroy bacteria
secretion respiratory burst phagocyotsis lysis/apoptosis
39
PMN activities are triggered by what
receptor binding events
40
PMN surface has what kind of receptors
high affinity
41
The PMNs travel through what to get to the gingival crevice
JE
42
What are the three stages leading up to extravasation that PMNs undergo
random contact rolling sticking
43
These are released from the PMN granules
mediators
44
What is the quantity of plasma, B, and T cells in chronic periodontitis
plasma > B > T | there is not a lot of control in the lesion1
45
What two things can serve as an antigen in the adaptive immune response
LPS | bacterial proteins
46
What type of cells function as antigen presenting cells
macrophages | Langerhans cells
47
The T cell receptor has 2 glycoprotein chains (α and β) with variable segments, the variable segments determine what
the type of immune response
48
True or False The TCR on periodontitis is different before and after therapy and TCRs differ between chronic and aggressive periodontitis
True
49
This interleukin has multiple purposes; inhibit cytokines, inhibit IL4/5/6 and stimulate anti-body production; found in aggressive periodontitis
IL-10
50
Because there are not many Tk cells in periodontits, what does this suggest
That viruses and invasive bacteria are not major players
51
The antigen-antibody complex triggers what two things to occur
complement activation | opsonization
52
What are the two types of B cells
conventionasl; produces antibodies in which the numbers decrease after treatment autodreactive; produces autoantibodies, in which the numbers do not decrease after treatment
53
This immunoglobulin is found more in chronic periodontits than aggressive
IgG1
54
This immunoglobulin is found more is aggressive periodontitis than chronic periodontitis
IgG2
55
why if IgG2 found more in aggressive periodontitis than in IgG1
IgG2 recognizes LPS while other subclass mainly recognize protein antigens
56
Homing of relevant immune cells takes place where
within the periodontal lesion
57
TH2 cells outnumber TH1 cells in what kind of periodontal lesions
chronic
58
These are among the most prominent and active secretory cells in advanced periodontal lesions
plasma
59
The ratio of IgG subtypes is similar in what
serum and GCF
60
An individuals ability to mount a specific antibody attack to bacteria in the sub gingival biofilm may indicate a patients susceptibility to what
the disease and the ability to respond to treatment
61
The screening of what two things in important when diagnosing active disease
whole saliva and GCF

Periodontology 1 (29 decks)

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