Exam 1 - HIV/AIDS Flashcards

1
Q

HIV

A
  • human immunodeficiency virus
  • a retrovirus that destroys CD4 and T cells
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2
Q

AIDS

A
  • acquired immune deficiency syndrome
  • typical untreated HIV infection turns to AIDS in 8-10 years
  • severe immune system dysfunction present when AIDS occurs
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3
Q

who has the highest rate of HIV infections

A
  • black men
  • men who have sex with men
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4
Q

what is a retrovirus

A
  • a type of virus that uses an enzyme and reverse transcriptase to translate its genetic information into DNA
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5
Q

what causes an individual to be infected for life

A
  • HIV invades CD4+ cells and becomes part of cell DNA
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6
Q

what causes the virus to be present in blood and body fluids

A
  • virus proliferates in infected cells and shed virus particles
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7
Q

what causes antibodies to be a marker of infection but is not protective

A
  • body forms anti-HIV antibodies
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8
Q

what causes compromised cell-mediated immunity

A
  • progressive destruction of helper T cells
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9
Q

what causes opportunistic infection and neoplasms

A
  • immune defense collapses
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10
Q

why is HIV such a problem

A
  • decreases the number of CD4+ T helper cells
  • HIV replicates prolifically
  • completely overwhelms the body’s defenses
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11
Q

stage 1 - early infection (acute)

A
  • rapid replication
  • no symptoms
  • infectious
  • seroconversion
  • antibodies are detectable, flu-like symptoms
  • HIGHLY INFECTIOUS
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12
Q

stage 2 - clinical latency (chronic)

A
  • virus levels have stabilized
  • body is fighting the infection
  • last 3-12 yrs without tx, decades with tx
  • asymptomatic or mild symptoms
  • rapid virus production
  • persistent drop in CD4+ T cell count
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13
Q

stage 3

A
  • symptomatic HIV infection to AIDS
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14
Q

initial symptoms of HIV

A
  • usually happen 2-4 weeks post infection
  • flu-like symptoms
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15
Q

diagnosis of AIDS

A
  • must have an AIDS-defining condition
  • CD4 count less than 200 cell/mm3
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16
Q

AIDS defining illnesses

A
  • pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
  • HIV-related encephalopathy
  • mycobacterium tuberculosis (pulmonary or extra pulmonary)
  • invasive cervical cancer
  • kaposi’s sarcoma
  • wasting syndrome
  • pervasive candidiasis
  • AIDS dementia complex
17
Q

oral manifestations

A
  • seen with falling CD4+ counts
  • higher risk of progression to AIDS
  • importance of oral assessment *
18
Q

types of oral manifestations

A
  • fungal
  • viral
  • bacterial
  • cancerous
19
Q

names of oral manifestations

A
  • oral hairy leukoplakia
  • periodontal disease
20
Q

AIDS dementia complex

A
  • poor concentration, mental slowness
  • forgetfulness, memory loss
  • changes in behavior
21
Q

how is HIV transmitted

A
  • sex without a condom
  • passed from mother to baby
  • sharing injecting equipment
  • contaminated blood transfusions and organ transplants
22
Q

why doesn’t everyone who is exposed develop active infection?

A
  • duration and frequency of contact
  • volume, virulence, and concentration of the virus
  • host immune status
  • genetic protective factors
23
Q

MOA: NRTIs

A
  • inhibits reverse transcriptase
  • blocks the HIV retrovirus ability to incorporate its RNA into the host cell’s DNA
24
Q

adverse effects: NRTIs

A
  • peripheral neuropathy
  • pancreatitis
  • lipoatriphy
  • hepatic steatosis
25
Q

blackbox warning: NRTIs

A
  • lactic acidosis syndrome
26
Q

when should you start ART

A

as soon as possible after diagnosis

27
Q

what is the goal of ART

A

decrease viral load to undetectable level

28
Q

what is the CD4 count

A
  • tells you how many CD4 cells there are in a drop of blood
  • the more the better
29
Q

what is viral load

A
  • measures how much HIV there is in a drop of blood
  • you want to have as little HIV as possible
30
Q

pre-exposure prophylaxis

A
  • use of antiretroviral medications
  • detailed sexual and drug use history to determine risk
  • condom use
  • determine potential barriers
  • can reduce risk of HIV transmission by greater than 90%
31
Q

post exposure prophylaxis

A
  • recommendations based on exposure and barriers
  • ART therapy for 28 days
  • HIV testing initially and at 6 and 12 weeks after exposure