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Clin Med Lab Med > Exam #1: CMP > Flashcards

Exam #1: CMP Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four primary causes of hyperglycemia?

A
  • DM
  • IV dextrose infusion
  • Drugs (i.e. steroids)
  • Stress
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2
Q

What is the primary cause of hypoglycemia?

A

Insulin overdose

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3
Q

What are the three primary causes of HIGH BUN?

A
  • Primary renal diseases
  • Dehydration
  • Upper GI bleed
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4
Q

What are the three primary causes of LOW BUN?

A
  • Severe primary liver diseases
  • Overhydration
  • Low protein diets
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5
Q

What does Creatinine have an inverse relationship with?

A

GFR

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6
Q

What is the primary renal function measurement?

A

Creatinine (Cr)

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7
Q

What is the most common cause of HIGH Cr?

A

AKI

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8
Q

What is BUN/Cr Ratio helpful in determining?

A

Cause of AKI

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9
Q

What lab test is an indirect measurement of bicarbonate (HCO3-)?

A

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

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10
Q

What is high Total Protein with high Globulin indicative of?

A

Multiple Myeloma

- “M spike” on SPEP, Bence-Jones proteins

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11
Q

What are “M spike” on SPEP, Bence-Jones proteins associated with?

A

Multiple Myeloma

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12
Q

What is the primary cause of HIGH Albumin?

A

Dehydration

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13
Q

What are the three primary causes of LOW Albumin?

A
  • Liver disease
  • Protein-losing enteropathies
  • Nephrotic Syndrome = edema
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14
Q

What test reflects the synthetic function of the liver?

What other two tests can also can also reflect synthetic function of the liver?

A

Albumin

- Also PT/INR and platelet count

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15
Q

What is a HIGH ALP indicative of?

A

Biliary obstruction

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16
Q

What is an ISOLATED high ALP (no other abnormal liver tests) indicative of?

A

BONE pathology

- Physiologic growth in children/adolescents

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17
Q

What test can be used to differentiate between liver and bone pathology?

A

ALP Isoenzymes

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18
Q

Which lab test has an inverse relationship with Phosphorus (PO4)?

A

Calcium (Ca2+)

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19
Q

Which lab test has an inverse relationship with Calcium (Ca2+)?

A

Phosphorus (PO4)

20
Q

Which form of Calcium (Ca2+) is the most accurate measurement of serum calcium?

A

Ionized (50%)

21
Q

Why is it that if if serum Albumin is low, Calcium (Ca2+) will also likely be low?

A

40% of Calcium (Ca2+) is bound to Albumin

22
Q

What electrolyte is influenced by PTH, calcitonin, Vitamin D, GI and renal involvement?

A

Calcium (Ca2+)

23
Q

What are the two primary causes of HIGH Calcium (Ca2+)?

A
  • Primary hyperparathyroidism

- Malignancy

24
Q

What is nephrolithiasis, constipation, decreased NM excitability, CV issues indicative of?

A

Hypercalcemia

25
Q

What are the two primary causes of LOW Calcium (Ca2+)?

A
  • Hypoalbuminemia

- Hypomagnesemia

26
Q

What is increased NM excitability (paresthesias, Chvostek’s, Trousseau’s), prolonged QT indicative of?

A

Hypocalcemia

27
Q

What is tap CN VII against bone anterior to ear = facial muscles contract, and what is it a sign of?

A

Chvostek’s sign

- Sign of Hypocalcemia

28
Q

What is occlude brachial a. for 3 minutes with BP cuff = carpal spasms, and what is it a sign of?

A

Trousseau’s sign

- Sign of Hypocalcemia

29
Q

What are the three primary causes of HIGH Phosphorus (PO4)?

A
  • Renal failure (ESRD)
  • Hypoparathyroidism
  • Hypocalcemia
30
Q

What are the four primary causes of LOW Phosphorus (PO4)?

A
  • Malnutrition/malabsorption
  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Cellular shift (Insulin)
  • Cellular shift (refeeding)
31
Q

What is muscle weakness and rhabdomyolysis, seizures if severe indicative of?

A

LOW Phosphorus (PO4)

32
Q

What electrolyte is intimately tied to Ca2+ and K+?

A

Magnesium (Mg2+)

33
Q

What two electrolytes is Magnesium (Mg2+) intimately tied to?

A

Ca2+ and K+

34
Q

What is a common treatment of HIGH Magnesium (Mg2+)?

A

Loop diuretics

35
Q

What is cardiac arrhythmias (Torsades de pointes), increased NM excitability indicative of?

A

LOW Magnesium (Mg2+)

36
Q

What is decreased DTRs, bradycardia, hypotension indicative of?

A

HIGH Magnesium (Mg2+)

37
Q

Chloride (Cl-) is associated with shifts in what two electrolytes?

A
  • Sodium (Na+)

- Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

38
Q

If Albumin is HIGH, what is the likely abnormality seen with Globulin, and why?

A

Globulin will be LOW

- Compensation to keep Total Protein normal

39
Q

Besides Albumin, which two other lab tests can be used to evaluate synthetic liver function?

A
  • PT/INR

- Platelet count

40
Q

Generally, what two disorders is Globulin used to evaluate?

A
  • CA

- Immune disorders

41
Q

Why is ALP associated with cholestatic pattern?

A

It is excreted in bile, so if there is an issue with the bile ducts, ALP will be elevated

42
Q

What three conditions is UNconjugated hyperbilirubinemia associated with?

A
  • Hemolysis
  • Gilbert’s Syndrome
  • HF
43
Q

If a patient has Hypercalcemia, which three symptoms may they present with?

A
  • Decreased NM excitability (weak, lethargic)
  • Nephrolithiasis
  • Constipation
44
Q

If Hypocalcemia diagnosis is unsure, which lab should you check?

A

Serum ionized calcium (50% of Ca2+ is ionized)

45
Q

If Hypercalcemia diagnosis is unsure, which lab should you check?

A

REPEAT Ca2+ first

- Also check serum PTH

Clin Med Lab Med (13 decks)

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