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Animal Welfare and Behavior > Exam 1: Behavior and Learning > Flashcards

Exam 1: Behavior and Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Define learning

A

A change in the brain that results in behavior being modified for longer than a few seconds

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2
Q

What is the change in learning a consequence of

A

Information received from outside the brain

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3
Q

Types of learning

A

Associative

Non associative

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4
Q

Define associative learning

A

Animal learns relationship about 2 things

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5
Q

Define non associative learning

A

Animal learns to react to an event or stimulus without reinforcers

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6
Q

Types of associative learning

A

Classical conditioning

Operant conditioning

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7
Q

Types of non associative learning

A

Habituation

Sensitization

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8
Q

Define classical conditioning

A

2 potentially unrelated stimuli are paired together to produce a learned bridged association

Animals learn to associate something that normally would not have an effect on them with something that would normally be meaningful to them

Emotional learning
Animals learn to feel a certain way about certain things

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9
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Russian physiologist

Classical conditioning

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10
Q

Parts of classical conditioning

A

Unconditioned stimulus (US) - example food

Unconditioned response (UR) - example salivating when sees food

Conditioned stimulus (CS) - associating a bell with food

Conditioned response (CR) - when dog salivates at bell because they associate it with food

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11
Q

Define operant conditioning

A

Behavior is learned to be paired with an outcome
Trial and error

Animals learn through the association of their behavior with the immediate consequences of that behavior

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12
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Operant conditioning

Developed behavior analysis
Psychologist

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13
Q

Outcomes of operant conditioning

A

Behaviors that are rewarded (reinforced) are more likely to recur

Behaviors that are punished are less likely to recur in similar situations

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14
Q

Reinforcement and punishment learning vocab

A

Reinforcement - increases good behavior

Punishment - decreases bad behavior

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15
Q

Positive and negative learning vocab

A

Positive - adding something

Negative - removing something

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16
Q

Putting reinforcement, punishment, positive, and negative together

A

Positive reinforcement - Adding something wanted to increase good behavior

Negative reinforcement - removing something aversive to increase good behaviors

Positive punishment - adding something aversive to decrease bad behaviors

Negative punishment - removing something wanted to decrease bad behaviors

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17
Q

Positive reinforcement, Negative reinforcement, Positive punishment, negative punishment - which are good to use, which are not

A

Can use positive reinforcement and negative punishment

Do not use positive punishment or negative reinforcement

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18
Q

Timing and reinforcement schedules

A

Non contingent reinforcement

Continuous reinforcement

Intermittent or differential reinforcement

19
Q

Non contiguous reinforcement

A

Positive reinforcement given at wrong time - undesirable behaviors reinforced

Loss of control of environment = confusion - unfocused behaviors get rewards

20
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Important in early training

Not recommended later - too predictable - loose attention

21
Q

Intermittent or differential reinforcement

A

Switch to this

Gradually drop rewards for worst of acceptable responses

Variable ratio
Variable duration

22
Q

Variable ratio

A

behavior reinforced fraction of occasions

Ex - half the time

23
Q

Variable duration

A

Behavior performed for differing lengths of time before reward
Ex - stay

24
Q

Clicker training - Bridge signals

A

An event marker that identifies the desired response and bridges the time between response and delivery of reinforcer

Teaches animal to associate something it wants (food) with something easier to deliver (click)

25
Q

How to make animal associate clicker with reinforcer

A

Classical conditioning and repetition

26
Q

Why use bridge signals

A

Difficult to get timing right when supplying reward for certain behaviors

27
Q

What types of conditioning is clicker training

A

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning

Starts out as classical conditioning then switches over to operant conditioning

28
Q

What kind of behavior does operant conditioning result in

A

Purposeful behavior

29
Q

What kind of behavior does classical conditioning result in

A

Habitual behavior

30
Q

Define shaping

A

Building new behavior by selectively reinforcing variations in existing behavior during action and not after completion

31
Q

Define selective reinforcement

A

Criteria raised in small steps so learner/animal has at least 50% likelihood of success and reinforcement per each attempt

32
Q

Define luring

A

Hands off method

Guiding dog through a behavior
Ex - luring dog from sit to down with food

Method to get more complex behaviors

33
Q

History of shaping

A

B.F. Skinner

Bowling and pigeons

34
Q

Define habituation

A

Learning not to respond to a stimulus that triggers an instinctive response

Ex - dog not responding to fireworks or thunder because was gradually introduced to similar noises

35
Q

Define sensitization

A

Opposite of habituation

Results in increased responsiveness to a repeated stimulus

Animal becomes more reactive

36
Q

Desensitization and counter conditioning

A

Ways to change behavior

Usually used together

37
Q

Desensitization

A

Provides means of safely exposing pet to stimulus at level below where fear exhibited

38
Q

Counter conditioning

A

Used to change pet’s attitude or emotional response to stimulus

39
Q

Define flooding

A

Prolonged exposure to a stimulus and is prevented from leaving stimulus and situation until animal stops reacting

Do not use - bad

40
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

Along with Tinbergen - one of founders of modern ethology and study of animal behavior

Imprinting

41
Q

Define imprinting

A

Rapid and relatively stable learning and bond between a newborn and caregiver/object taking place very early in life

42
Q

Precocial species

A

Developed at birth/hatching and are mobile

Can stand and follow mother

Horses, ducks, elephants, etc

43
Q

Altricial species

A

Young stay in nest/den and can’t usually move around effectively

Mostly helpless and reliant on parent after birth

Dogs, cats, rats, humans, guinea pigs

44
Q

Why do mares guard foals (probably)

A

Probably because horses imprint on mothers

If foal doesn’t see mother and is scared may imprint rapidly on another horse or object or human

Animal Welfare and Behavior (13 decks)

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