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Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four broad categories of tissues (all adult tissues classified this way)

A

epithelial tissue- very cellular, lil matrix

connective tissue- few cells lots of matrix

nervous tissue

muscular tissue

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2
Q

define organ

A

structure with discrete boundaries that is composed of two or more tissue types

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3
Q

define histology

A

the study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs

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4
Q

define tissue

A

a group of similar cells and cell products working together to perform a specific role in an organ

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5
Q

how do the four primary tissues differ from each other

A
  • types and functions of their cells
  • characteristics of the matrix (extracellular material)
  • relative amount of space occupied by cells versus matrix
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6
Q

define matrix and identify what it is composed of

A

Def: everything outside of cell

fibrous proteins

ground substance= clear gel known as tissue fluid, extracellular fluid, or intersitial fluid

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7
Q

what are the four things histologists do to prepare a tissue section

A

preserve

slice - sections are one or two cells thick

stain- color binds to diff cellular componentss

sectioning- reduces 3D structure to 2D slice

Think of an egg when you think of the different sections (may not contain the yoke depending on where section made

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8
Q

What is the epithelia

A
  • sheets of closely adhering cells, one or more cells thick
  • covers body surfaces (exposed to external environment)/lines body cavities
  • most glands
  • AVASCULAR (no blood vessels= heals slow, conn tissue helps)
  • high rates of mitosis
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9
Q

what is the difference between the basal surface and the apical surface

A

basal- surgace of epithelial cell facing the basement membrane (deepest protion)

apical- surface of epithelial cell facing away from the basement membrane (shallowest protion)

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10
Q

what is the basement membrane

A

layer between the epithelium and the underlying connective tissue

below epithelial basal layer

anchors epithelium to connective tissue below

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11
Q

what two types of tissue have goblet cells presetn

A

simple columnar epithelium

pseudostrtified epithelium

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12
Q

what is the rarest epithelial tissue type

A

stratified columnar

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13
Q

what epithelial tissue type is the most widespread throughout the body

A

stratified squamous

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14
Q

what two types of epithelial tissue are meant for storage

A

simple cuboidal epithelial

stratified cuboidal epithelial

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15
Q

what is the most protective epithelial tissue type

A

stratified squamous epithelial

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16
Q

what is the function of the epithelial tissue

A

(The whole Thing)

  • protect deeper tissues from injury
  • produce/release chem secretions
  • excrete waste
  • absorb chemicals (nutrients)
  • selectively filter substances
  • sense stimuli
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17
Q

what connects bone to bone

vs.

what connects bone to muscle

A

bone to bone = ligament

bone to muscle= tendon

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18
Q

what are the three types of fibers in connective tissue

A

Collagenous fibers

reticular fibers

elastic fibers

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19
Q

what are chondroblasts vs chondrocytses

A

blasts=
cartilage cells that produce matrix that traps them and make new chondrocytes

cytes= cartilage cells trapped in lucane

lacunae- the airspace that is around chondrocyte and once fully formed turns blasts into cytes= fully mature

20
Q

what is the perichondrium

A

sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds elastic and most hyaline cartilage

most importantly it has a layer of chondroblasts that never mature within it so new chondrocytes can always be produced

21
Q

what is an osteon

A

central canal and its surrounding lamellae

aka functional bone
comprised of cell, lucana, organized collagen fibers (lamellae)

22
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells within lacunae

23
Q

canaliculi

A

delicate canals radiating from each lacuna to its neighbors, allowing osteocytes to contact each other

tiny canals that connect osteons together

24
Q

Periosteum

A

tough fibrous connective tissue covering the whole bone

25
what is lamellae
organized collagen fibers
26
concentric lamellae
onion like layer around the central canal where bone matrix is deposited
27
what is plasma and serum
plasma is blood's matrix (it is made up of protein fibers and ground substance) serum- is specifically just blood's ground substance
28
Explain what distinguishes excitable tissues from other tissues
?
29
Excitability
—ability to respond to stimuli by changing membrane potential Developed to highest degree in nervous and muscular tissues
30
Membrane potential
electrical charge difference (voltage) that occurs across the cell membrane In nerve cells: changes in voltage result in rapid transmission of signals to other cells In muscle cells: changes in voltage result in contraction, shortening of the cell
31
Cell junction
connections between two cells Most cells anchored to each other or their matrix Cells communicate with each other, resist mechanical stress, and control what moves through the gaps between them
32
What are the types of cell junctions
tight junction desmosome gap junctions
33
Tight junctions
linkage between two adjacent cells by transmembrane adhesion proteins - in epithelia forms a zone = completely encircles each cell - seals off intercellular space= difficult fro stuff to pass between cells
34
desmosome
patch that holds cells together (clothing snap) - keeps cells from pulling apart - resist mechanical stress - hook like j shapped proteins arise from cytoskeleton
35
hemi desmosomes
half desmosomes that anchor basal cells of an epithelium to underlying basement membrane epithelium cannot easily peel away from underlying tissues
36
Gap junction
formed by ring like connexons connexon= six transmembrane proteins arranged like segments of an orange around water filled pore - small solutes pass between cells (ion/nutrients) - located in cardiac/smooth muscle, embryonic tissue, lens and cornea
37
what are glands
cell or organ that secrete substances for use elsewhere in or out of body for elimination -composed mostly epithelial tissue in a connective tissue framework/capsule
38
difference between secretion and excretion
secretion= useful to the body excretion= waste product
39
types of glands Some organs have both endocrine and exocrine function ex: liver, gonads, pancreas
exocrine gland - maintain contact with surface of epithelium by way of duct (can be external surface : sweat gland, or internal surfaces: salivary galnds) Endocrine - no duct - secrete hormones directly to blood - hormones are chem messengers that stimulate cells elsewhere in body (thyroid)
40
what are the three types of secretions
SEROUS GLANDS -produce thin watery secretions (milk, tears, digestive juices, perspiration) MUCCOUS GLANDS -produce glycoprotein, mucin, which absorbs water to form mucus goblet cell= unicellular mucous gland MIXED GLANDS -contain both serous and mucous cell types and produce mix of secretions
41
Modes of secretions
merocrine secretion - use vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis (tear glands, pancrease) apocrine secretion -lipid droplet covered by membrane and cytoplasm buds from cell surface (mode of milk fat secretion by mam) (aprocrine used to describe axillary sweat glands but really they use merocrine secretion) holocrine section -cells accumulate a product until they disintegrate (secrete mix of cell frags and synthesized substances) (ex: oil glands, eyelid glands)
42
What are the different membranes
cutaneous membrane (skin) mucous membrane serous membrane
43
cutaneous membrane
cutaneous membrane (skin) - largest membrane in body - stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) on layer of connec (Dermis) relatively dry layer serves protective funtions
44
mucous membrane (mucosa)
lines passageway that open to the external environment (digestive tract) Functions: -absorptive, secretory, protective often mucous producing goblet cells sublayers: epithelium, lamina propria (aerolar tissue), muscularis mucosa *smooth muscle
45
serous membrane (serosa
internal membrane - simple squamous epithelium resting on layer of areolar tissue - produces serous fluid arises from blood covers organs and lines wall s of body cavities

Anatomy (20 decks)

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