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Anatomy > ch 6 pt 1 > Flashcards

ch 6 pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is dermatology

A

scientific study and medical treatment of the integumentary system

receives more medical care/treatment than any other organ system

inspection of skin, hair, and nails= significant part of physical exam

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2
Q

what is the most vulnuerable organ

A

skin

- exposed to radiation, trauma, infection, injurious chemicals

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3
Q

what is the largest/heaviest organ

A

skin

-covers 1.5-2.0m^2 and composes 15% of body weight

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4
Q

what falls under the integumentary system

A

hair, skin, nail, and cutaneous glands

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5
Q

what are the layers of the skin

A

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis

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6
Q

what are the tissues that make up the three layers of the skin

A

epidermis- stratified squamous epithelium

dermis- deeper connective tissue layer

hypodermis- connective tissue layer below dermis (not part of the skin but associated)

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7
Q

what is thick skin

A

thick skin-
-covers front of hands, bottoms of feet

  • 5 cellular layers ( stratum lucidum present = extra protection)
  • has sweat glands, no hair follicles or sebaceous glands (oil)
  • thicker than thin skin (0.5mm)
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8
Q

what is thin skin

A

Thin skin
-covers rest of the body

  • four cellular layers (no stratum lucdum)
  • Possesses hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands
  • Epidermis about 0.1 mm thick
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9
Q

what are the functions of the skin

A
  • protection (resist trauma/infection w/ help of keratin)
  • protect against UV rad, harmful chems h2o
  • vitamin D synthesis (helps with first step)
  • sensation (temp, pain, touch)
  • thermoregulation (sweating, thermoreceptors)
  • nonverbal communication (facial experessions/social acceptance/self image)
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10
Q

what is the epidermis

A
  • consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • includes dead cells at surface that are packed with keratin
  • avascular
  • sparse nerve endings for touch and pain
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11
Q

what is keratin

A

protein produced by keratinocytes

tough and most numerous protein

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12
Q

what are the five epidermal cell types

A 
stem cells
keratinocytes
melanocytes 
tactile cells
dendritic cells
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13
Q

what are stem cells

A
  • Undifferentiated cells that give rise to keratinocytes (produce keratinocytes or melanocytes)
  • aka must have centrioles
  • In deepest layer of epidermis (stratum basale)
  • skin replaced every 30-40 days
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14
Q

what are keratinocytes

A
  • Great majority of epidermal cells (most numerous)
  • Synthesize keratin
  • 3 parts to life cycle???
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15
Q

melanocytes

A

-Synthesize pigment MELANIN that shields DNA from ultraviolet radiation

-Occur only in stratum basale but have branched processes that spread among keratinocytes and distribute melanin
(can protrude into dermis)

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16
Q

what is melanin

A

dark protein protects from uv radiation and gives rise to skin color

17
Q

tactile cells

A
  • Touch receptor cells associated with dermal nerve fibers
  • free nerve endings present?
  • In basal layer of epidermis
  • detect fine touch and pressure
18
Q

dendritic cells

A
  • Macrophages originating in BONE MARROW that guard against pathogens
  • stimulate immune system against pathogens
  • Found in stratum spinosum and granulosum
19
Q

what are the layers of the epidermis deepest to superficial

A

stratum basale

stratum spinosum

stratum granulosum

stratum lucidum (thick skin only

stratum corneum

20
Q

what is the stratum basale

A
  • deepest epidermal layer
  • A single layer of stem cells and keratinocytes resting on the basement membrane
  • Stem cells divide and = keratinocytes that migrate toward skin surface to replace lost cells = very mitotic
  • Also contains melanocytes and tactile cells
21
Q

stratum spinosum

A
  • Several layers of keratinocytes joined together by desmosomes and tight junctions (the daughter keratinocytes joined together)
  • Also contains some dendritic cells
  • some stem cells present= mitotic
22
Q

stratum granulosum

A
  • Three to five layers of flat keratinocytes
  • everywhere in body
  • granular cells

–produce lots keratin via keratinocytes

  • keratin stored w/in cells = free ribosomes= stored in inclusions or cytoplasm
23
Q

stratum lucidum

A
  • Thin, pale layer found ONLY in thick skin (palms/soles)
  • Keratinocytes packed with clear protein (appears glossy= so much keratin)
  • extra protection
  • most organized
24
Q

stratum corneum

A
  • surface layer
  • Several layers (up to 30) of dead, scaly, keratinized cells (so full keratin that die and flake off)
  • Resists abrasion, penetration, water loss
  • stratified squamous (super strong)
  • maintain desmosome (flexibility) when dead
  • cuticle= 50-60 dead corneum
25
Q

keratinocytes history

A
  • produced by stem cells in deepest layer via mitosis (has to be vascular area)
  • aka only mitotic until stratum granulosum
  • new ones push older ones up
  • as older=flatter=increase keratin production
  • 30-40 day until flake off
  • slower in old ppl
  • faster in injured/stressed

-80 lbs lost yearly

26
Q

calluses or corns

A

thick accumulations of dead keratinocytes on hands or feet due to high stress area

27
Q

what is the dermis

A
  • connective tissue layer beneath epidermis
  • mainly collagen
  • lots blood v’s, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nerve endings
  • hair follicles and nail roots housed
  • cause facial expressions of emotion
  • wavy conspicuous boundary with epidermis
28
Q

dermal papillae

A

upward-finglerlike extensions of dermis

29
Q

epidermal ridges

A

downward waves of epidermis (prominent waves on ringers = friction ridges of fingerprint

30
Q

what are the layers of the dermis

A

papillary layer

reticular layer

31
Q

what is the papillary layer

A
  • superficial zone of dermis (apical layer)
  • Thin zone of areolar tissue in and near the dermal papilla
  • Allows for mobility of leukocytes and other defense cells
  • Rich in small blood vessels
  • c section if cut wrong =scare
32
Q

what is the reticular layer

A
  • deeper and thicker layer of dermis
  • Consists of dense, irregular connective tissue
  • Stretch marks (striae): tears in the collagen fibers caused by stretching of the skin due to pregnancy or obesity
  • where dermal papillae interlock with epidermal ridges
  • some aerolar and collagen tissue
  • unorganized
  • blister arises here= insensible perperation
33
Q

Hypodermis

A
  • Subcutaneous tissue
  • Has more areolar and adipose than dermis has = subqutaneous fate
  • Pads body and binds skin to underlying tissues
  • Common site of drug injection since it has many blood vessels

also called sub Q, SCT, superficial fossa

34
Q

what is the function of the Subcutaneous fat in the hypodermis

A

energy resivoir

thermal insulation

thicker in women

thinner in infants/elderly

padding/protection

35
Q

melanin

A
  • most significant factor in skin color
  • Produced by melanocytes, accumulates in keratinocytes
  • protects from uv rad,
  • color fades as melanin fades
36
Q

darker skinned people vs lighter skinned people

A

-same number of melanocytes In both

Dark skin

  • produce greater quantity of melanin
  • break down melanin slower
  • melanin more spread out
  • melanized cells throughout epidermis

light skin

  • melanin clump near keratinocyte nucleus
  • little melain seen beyond stratum basale
37
Q

albinos

A

no cells to produce melanin (most common in humans)

38
Q

what happens when there is exposure to uv light

A

stimulates melanin secretion =darkens skin

-fades as melanin degrades

39
Q

what other pigments influence skin color

A

Hemoglobin
—pigment in red blood cells
-Adds reddish to pinkish hue to skin

Carotene
—yellow pigment acquired from egg yolks and yellow/orange vegetables
-Concentrates in stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat

Anatomy (20 decks)

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