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Anatomy > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cell theroy

A

All organisms composed of cells and cell products

Cell is the simplest structural and functional unit of life

An organism’s structure and functions are due to activities of cells

Cells come only from preexisting cells

Cells of all species exhibit biochemical similarities

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2
Q

what is cytology

A

scientific study of cells

Began when Robert Hooke coined the word cellulae to describe empty cell walls of cork in 17th century

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3
Q

what did louis Pasteur demonstrate

A

cells arise only from other cells = refuted the spontaneous generation theory

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4
Q

how many tupes of cells in human body

A

200 types with varied shapes

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5
Q

what are the 9 common cel shapes

A

squamous- thin flat scaly…. esophagus, epidermis

cuboidal- squarish…. liver cells

columnar- taller than wide….. stomach lining/ intestines

polygonal- irregularly angular shapes, multiple sides

stellate- star like…. nerve cell

spheroid to ovoid- round to oval…. egg/wbc

discoid- disc shaped…. RBC

fusiform- thick in middle, tapered ends

fibrous- thread like… muscle cells

cells measured in micrometers

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6
Q

plasma membrane

A

Surrounds cell, defines boundaries

Made of proteins and lipids

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7
Q

cytoplasm

A

everything inside of cell

Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Inclusions (stored or foreign particles)
Cytosol (intracellular fluid, ICF)

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8
Q

extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

Fluid outside of cells includes tissue (interstitial) fluid

  • tissue fluid (intersitial fluid)
  • blood, plasma, lymph and cerebral spinal fluid
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9
Q

what is the function of the plasma membrane

A

Defines cell boundaries
Governs interactions with other cells
Controls passage of materials in and out of cell

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10
Q

what is the structure of the plasma membrane

A

98% membrane molecules are lipids

  • phospholipids (75% lipids)
  • cholesterol (20%)
  • glycolipids (5%)

2% protein membrane proteins

  • integral proteins
  • peripheral proteis
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11
Q

describe phopholipids

A

75% of membrane lipids are phospholipids
Hydrophilic phosphate heads face water on each side of membrane
Hydrophobic tails—are directed toward the center, avoiding water
Drift laterally, keeping membrane fluid

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12
Q

describe cholestrol

A

20% of the membrane lipids

Holds phospholipids still and can stiffen membrane

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13
Q

describe glycolipids

A

5% of the membrane lipids
Phospholipids with short carbohydrate chains on extracellular face
Contributes to glycocalyx—carbohydrate coating on cell surface

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14
Q

describe integral proteins

A

penetrate membrane

Transmembrane proteins pass completely through

Hydrophilic regions contact cytoplasm, extracellular fluid
Hydrophobic regions pass through lipid of the membrane

Some drift in membrane; others are anchored to cytoskeleton

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15
Q

describe peripheral proteins

A

Adhere to one face of the membrane (do not penetrate it)

Usually tethered to the cytoskeleton

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16
Q

what are the functions of membrane proteins

A

receptors- binds to chem messengers (hormones) sent from other cells

enzymes - breaks down chem messengers

channels - constantly open allows solutes to pass

gated channels - opens/closes to allow certain solutes through

cell identity markers- distinguishes body own cell from foreign cell

cell adhesion molecule- binds one cell to another

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17
Q

what did theodor schwann conclude to contribute to cell theory

what did hooke contribute

A

all animals made of cells

coined word cellulae starting cytology

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18
Q

describe glycocalyx (aka its composition)

A

fuzzy coat external to plasma membrane of carbohydrate complexes

carbohydrate complexes =
-glycoproteins/glycolipids

unique in everyone but identical twins

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19
Q

what is the function of the glycocalyx

A

protection

immunity to infection

defense against cancer

transplant compatibility

cell adhesion

fertilization

embryonic development

20
Q

what are the cellular extensions

A

microvilli

flagella

cilia

21
Q

describe structure/function of microvili

A

extension of membrane (shortest of the three)

best developed in cells meant for absorption (intestines)

function is to increase surface size/ aid in absorption

22
Q

describe the structure and function of flagella

A

in humans is the tail of the sperm (only ffunctional one)

for movement: undulating snakelike corkscrew mvmts

23
Q

describe the structure and function of cilia

A

long hairlike processes

nonmotile cilium is found on nearly every cell

functions

  • ateena for monitoring nearby conditions
  • balance (inner ear)
  • light detection (retina)

there are multiple nonmotile cilia

  • found sensory cells of nose
  • respiratory tract
  • uterine tubes
  • ventricles of brain
  • ducts of testes

beat in waves to sweep material across surface in one direction

24
Q

what is the cytoskeleton and what is it composed of

A

network of protein filaments and cylinders

composed of: microfilaments. intermediate fibers, microtubiles

25
Q

what is the function of the cytoskeleton

A

Determines cell shape

Supports structure

Organizes cell contents

Directs movement of materials within cell

Contributes to movements of the cell as a whole

26
Q

describe microfilaments

A

thinnest (6)

Made of actin protein

Forms terminal web

27
Q

describe intermediate filaments

A

medium thick (8-10)

Within skin cells, made of protein keratin

Give cell shape, resist stress

28
Q

describe microtubules

A

thickest (25 nm)

Consist of protofilaments made of protein tubulin

Radiate from centrosome; can come and go

Maintain cell shape,
hold organelles,
act as railroad tracks for walking motor proteins,
make axonemes of cilia and flagella,

form mitotic spindle

29
Q

what organelles are considered membranous

A 
nucleus
mitochondria
lysosomes
peroxisomes
ER  (smooth and rough)
Golgi complex
30
Q

what organelles are considered nonmembranous

A

ribosomes
centrosomes
centrioles
basal bodies

31
Q

Describe the nucleus and its role in the cell

also include what is within the nucleus

A
  • largest organelle
  • most cells only have one, some have anuclear and some are multinuclear
  • control center

contains:
nuclear membrane
nucleoplasm

32
Q

what is the nuclear envelope

A

double membrane around nucleus

Perforated by nuclear pores formed by rings of proteins
- pores allow for communication in nucleus to cell

Function:
Regulate molecular traffic through envelope

hold two membrane layers together

33
Q

what is the nucleoplasm

A

material in nucleus

Contains:

  • Chromatin (thread-like) composed of DNA and protein
  • Nucleoli—masses where ribosomes are produced
34
Q

What is the ER

A

system of channels (cisternae) enclosed by membrane

consists of rough and smooth ER

factory line

35
Q

what is the rough ER

A

parallel, flattened sacs covered with fixed ribosomes

Continuous with outer membrane of nuclear envelope

Produces phospholipids and proteins of the plasma membrane

Synthesizes proteins that are packaged in other organelles or secreted from cell

36
Q

what is the smooth ER

A

Lack ribosomes

Cisternae thought to be continuous with rough ER

Synthesizes steroids and other lipids

Detoxifies alcohol and other drugs

Calcium storage

37
Q

what are ribosomes and their function

A

small granules of protein and RNA

Found in nucleoli, in cytosol, and on outer surfaces of rough ER, and nuclear envelope

They “read” coded genetic messages (messenger RNA) and assemble amino acids into proteins specified by the code

protein synthesis for both internal and exportive use

38
Q

difference between free and fixed ribosomes

A

“Free” ribosomes produce proteins for use within the cell (cytoskeleton)

“Fixed” ribosomes, attached to RER, produce proteins destined for export

39
Q

what is the Golgi complex

A

a system of cisternae that synthesizes carbohydrates and puts finishing touches on protein synthesis

40
Q

what is the function of the Golgi complex

A

Receives newly synthesized proteins from rough ER

Sorts proteins, splices some, adds carbohydrate complexes to some, and packages them into membrane-bound

Golgi vesicles, adds “docking markers”, etc.

vesicles can become

  1. lysosomes
  2. migrate/fuse to plasma membrane
  3. secretory vesicles store protein prod for later
41
Q

what are the digestive organelles

A

lysosomes

peroxisomes

42
Q

what is a lysosome and its fucntion

A

package of enzymes bound by a membrane
Generally round,

function:
-digest whatever needs digesting

  • intreacellular hydrolytic digestion of proteins, nucleic acids, phospholipids, complex CHO, etc
  • autophagy: digestion of cell’s surplus organelles
  • autolysis: cell suicide digestion of a surplus of cellby itself
43
Q

what is a peroxisome plus function

A

resemble lysosomes but contain different enzymes and are produced by endoplasmic reticulum

Function:
- is to use molecular oxygen to oxidize organic molecules

  • cell reactions result in hydrogen peroxide and peroxisomes digest /break down into H20 and O2 and breaks down eythyl alcohol
  • Neutralize free radicals, detoxify alcohol, other drugs, and a variety of blood-borne toxins
  • In all cells, but abundant in liver and kidney
44
Q

what is mitochondria

no function here

A

organelle specialized for ATP production

has a double membrane
1. inner membrane has folds = cristae

  1. spaces between cristae = matrix

matrix
-contain ribosomes, enzymes needed for ATP, small circular DNA (mtDNA)

45
Q

what is the function of mitochondria

A

extract E from organic molecules and transfer to ATP

46
Q

what is a centriole plus function

A

short cylindrical assembly of microtubules

  • needed for cell division/reproduce
  • float around until needed
47
Q

what are the two kinds of inclusions

A
  1. stored cellular products
    - glycogen granules, pigment, fat
  2. foreign bodies
    - viruses, intracellular bacteria, dust particles, debris from phagocytized cells

NOT ESSENTIAL FOR SURVIVAL

Anatomy (20 decks)

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