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chapter 9 joints Flashcards

1
Q

what do joints do (broad)

A

they are link the bones of the skeletal system, permit effective movement, and protect the softer organs

joint = articulation

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2
Q

what is a joint/articulation

A

any point where two bones meet, whether or not the bones are movable at that interface

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3
Q

what do the suffix -isis, -itis usually indicate

A

indicate the inflammation of….

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4
Q

what is arthrology

A

science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction

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5
Q

what is kinesiology

A

a branch of biomechanics that studys musculoskeletal movement/mechanical processes

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6
Q

how are joints names

A

through the names of the bones involved

center outward

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7
Q

how are joints classified

A

according to the manner in which the bones are bound to each other

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8
Q

what are the four major joint categories

A

bony joint
fibrous joint
cartilaginous joint
synovial joint

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9
Q

what is a bony joint/ what is its real name

A

synotosis

immobile joint

formed in gap between two bones = single bone

ex: epiphyseal lines (adults)
arcuate line
pubis/ilium/ischium

mandibular bones (infants)
cranial sutures (elderly)
first rib attachment to sternum (old age)
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10
Q

what is a fibrous joint

A

synarthrosis

adjacent bones bound by collagen fibers that come from one bone/penetrate the other

3 types

  • sutures
  • ggomphoses
  • syndesmoses
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11
Q

what is a suture

A

immobile + slightly mobile fibrous joint

short collagen fibers that bind bones of skull together

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12
Q

gomphoses

A

immobile fibrous joint

attaches tooth to socket
between teeth and alevelar processes

found on maxilla and mandible

short collagen fibers?

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13
Q

what is syndesmoses

A

slightly mobile fibrous joint

two bones bound by long collagen fibers

found commonly between diaphysis of long bones = also called interosseous membrane

radius ulna
tibia fibula

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14
Q

what is cartilaginous joints

A

amphiarthrosis

slightly moveable

two bones linked by cartilage

two types

  • synchrondrosis
  • symphysis
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15
Q

what is a synchrondrosis

A

a type of cartilaginous joints that are joined by hyaline cartilage

ex: epiphysis to diaphysis (epiphyseal plate)

FIRST rib attachment to sternum

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16
Q

what is symphysis

A

a type of cartilaginous joints that join two bones by fibrocartilage

pubic symphysis joins right and left pubic bones with interpubic disc

bodies of vertebrae joint by intervertebral discs (give spine flexibility)

flexibility during child birth

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17
Q

what are synovial joints

A

diarthrosis joints

joint where two bones are sep by joint cavity
JOINTS DO NOT TOUCH

separated by the synovial fluid

most are freely moveable

arthritis effects here
most familiar
most structurally complex
most likely to develop pain dysfunction
most important for pt/ot
mobility is important for quality of life
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18
Q

what are the general anatomical features of the synovial joint

A

articular cartilage
joint (articular) CAVITY
synovial fluid
joint (articular) CAPSULE

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19
Q

what does the articular cartilage consist of when it comes to synovial joints

A

layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the facing surfaces of two bones

usually 2 or 3 mm thick

20
Q

what is the joint cavity of a synovial joint

A

separates articular surfaces

contains synovial fluid

21
Q

what is the synovial fluid

A

slippery lubricant in the joint cavity

  • rich in albumin (egg white) and hyaluronic acid
  • viscous/slippery (like raw eggs) =lubrication
  • nourishes articular cartilage + removes waste
  • absorbs self in ends of bones making joint dynamic and lubricated
  • prevents most friction
22
Q

what is the joint (articular) capsule

A

connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid of the synovial joint

it is collagen based (dense reg/irreg)

pulls the two ends of the bone together

has two parts

  • outer fibrous capsule
  • inner, cellular, synovial membrane
23
Q

what is the outer fibrous capsule

A

a component of the joint capsule of synovial joints

continuous with periosteum of adjoining bones

24
Q

what is the inner, cellular, synovial membrane

A

a componenet of the joint capsule of synovial joints

composed mainly of fibroblast like cells (aka new collagen)

secrete synovial fluid

macrophages = immune response = removes waste

makes new collagen

25
what are the accessory structures of the synovial joints
``` tendons ligaments bursa tendon sheath meniscus ```
26
what is a tendon what is a ligament
tendon= collagenous tissue attaching muscle to bone ligament = collagenous tissue attaching one bone to anohter
27
what is a bursa
an accessory structure of synovial joints fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid located between muscles, where tendons pass over bone, or between bone and skin cushions muscle, helps tendons slide easily over joints, modifies direction of tendon pull aka mini joint capsule
28
what is a tendon sheath
an accessory structure of synovial joints elongated cylindrical bursa wrapped around a tendon found in hand and foot protection
29
what instance does fibrocartilage grow inward from joint capsule
meniscus: accessory structure of synovial joints moon shaped cartilage in knee (both) cartilage extends inward from left and right absorb shock/pressure guide bones across each other + improve their fit togeyjer stabilize joints = reduce the chance of dislocation fibrocartilage version of a bursa protective
30
the more mobile the joint
the less stable
31
what does exercise do to synovial fluid
warms it up makes it less viscous, more easily absorbed by the cartilage when absorbed, cartilage swells + provides more effective cushion
32
why is warming up before vigorous exercise important
helps protect cartilage from undue wear and tear by warm up the synovical fluid = absorbed easier into the cartilage= more of a cushion
33
what does repetitive compression of nonvascular cartilage do during excersize
squeezes fluid and metabolic waste out of cartilage allowing for absorption of synovial fluid (sponge like) also taking in oxygen and nutrients to chondrocytes no exercise = cartilage deteriorates quicker from inadequate nutrition and waste removal
34
people that are double jointed
longer capsuals = super flexible less stable (thinner fluid)
35
what is range of motion (ROM
the degrees through which a joint can move - aspect of joint performance - physical assessment of patients joint flexibility three planes of movement
36
what are the three planes of movement
linear motion = one plane angular motion= bind @ 360 rotation = drill hole, rotate
37
What is ROM determined by
structure of the articular surfaces strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules action of muscles and tendons read slide of this!!!
38
if you can do one of the three planes of motion that is considered.... two planes... all three planes....
do one = monoaxial = movement in one plane do two= biaxial do all 3 = multiaxial the more you can do the less stability that has
39
what are the six classes of synovial joints and what are the differentiated by
based on what articular faces look like ``` ball and socket joint condylar (ellipsoid) joint saddle joint plane (gliding ) joint hinge joint pivot joint ```
40
ball and socket joint
synovial 4 total in body (scapulohumeral joint / coxafemoral joint) only multiaxial joint in body = not as stable smooth, hemispherical head fits within cup like socket
41
condylar (ellipsoid) joint
biaxial (linear and angular) one bone has to have condyle on it oval convex surface of one bone fits into a complementary shaped depression on the other ``` radiocarpal joint (wrist) metacarpal joints ```
42
saddle joints
synovial type joint biaxial (angular and rotational) both bones have articular surface that is shaped like saddle, one concave the other convex (90 degrees to eachother) ex trapeziometacarpal (opposable thumb)
43
plane (gliding) joints
synovial type biaxial (linear/ anglular) slightly moveable = flat articular surfaces where bones slide over each other between all carpals of wrist between tarsal bones of ankle between articular processes of vertebrae
44
hinge joint
synovial tpe monoaxial = move freely in one plane (anglular) elbow, knee, finger joints/toe joints very stable has a lot of accessory structures (bursa, ligament, tendon, menisici) the yes (atlas) joint C1
45
pivot joints
monoaxial (rotational) a bone spins on its longitudinal exis atlantoaxial joint (c1 and c2)= no not as stable as hinge but still stable radioulnar joint at elbow

Anatomy (20 decks)

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