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Anatomy > ch 12 > Flashcards

ch 12 Flashcards

1
Q

what is neurobiology (neurology)

A

combines the behavioral and life sciences

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2
Q

what is the nervous system the foundation of

A

the concious experience, personality, and and life sciences

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3
Q

what is the difference between endocrine and nervous system

A

Endocrine system: communicates by means of chemical messengers (hormones) secreted into to the blood
wireless
quickest is 2 seconds
long lasting

Nervous system: employs electrical and chemical means to send messages from cell to cell
slowest is 2 secs
short term

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4
Q

what are the three basic steps the nervous system carries out

A

sense organs receive information about changes in body/enviro and transmit coded messages to brain and spinal cord (CNS)

CNS processes the inf relates it to past eperienes and determines the appropriate response

CNS issues comman to muscle and gland cells to carry out response

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5
Q

what are the two major subdivisions of the nervous system

A

central nervous system

  • brain and spinal cord enclosed by cranium and vertebral column
  • processing region

peripheral nervous system
- all nervous system expcept brain and spinal cord
composed of nerves and ganglia

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6
Q

what is a nerve and ganglion

A

nerve: bundle of nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in fibrous connective tissue
- named for the bones they run next to

ganglion:a knot-like swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies (organelles) are concentrated

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7
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system

A

contains sensory and motor divisions each with somatic and visceral subdivisions

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8
Q

what is the sensory (afferent) division

A

carries signals from receptors to CNS

Somatic sensory division: carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints

Visceral sensory division: carries signals from the viscera (heart, lungs, stomach, and urinary bladder)

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9
Q

what is the motor efferent division

A

carries signals from CNS to effectors (glands and muscles that carry out the body’s response)

Somatic motor division:

  • carries signals to skeletal muscles
  • Output produces muscular contraction as well as somatic reflexes—involuntary muscle contractions

Visceral motor division (autonomic nervous system):-
carries signals to glands, cardiac and smooth muscle
-Its involuntary responses are visceral reflexes

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10
Q

what are the two subdivisions of the visceral motor division

A

Sympathetic division

  • Tends to arouse body for action
  • Accelerating heart beat and respiration, while inhibiting digestive and urinary systems
  • fight or flight

Parasympathetic division

  • Tends to have calming effect
  • Slows heart rate and breathing
  • Stimulates digestive and urinary systems
  • rest/digest

80-90% one 10-20% the other

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11
Q

what is the quickest way between the two

A

adrenaline
only way to quickly go between the 2

it is 2 seconds

both nevous and endocrine

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12
Q

what are the functions of neurons

A

excitability (irritability)- changes in enviro changes (stimuli)

conductivity
-response to stimluli - electrical signals that are quickly conducted to other cells distant locations

secretion
-when signal reaches end of nerve fiber, the cell secretes a chemical neurotransmitter influences next cell

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13
Q

what are the fuctional classes of neurons

A

sensory neurons (afferent)

interneurons

motor neuron (efferent)

anatomical name is in parathensis

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14
Q

sensory afferent neurons

A

Detect stimuli and transmit information about them toward the CNS

(hearing, sight, smelll, taste, touch, pain)

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15
Q

interneurons

A

Lie entirely within CNS connecting motor and sensory pathways (about 90% of all neurons)

Receive signals from many neurons and carry out integrative functions (make decisions on responses)

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16
Q

motor efferent neurons

A

Send signals out to muscles and gland cells (the effectors)

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17
Q

neurosoma (soma or cell body)

A

1 of the 3 structures of a neuron

control center of neuron

Has a single, centrally located nucleus with large nucleolus

Cytoplasm contains mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi complex, inclusions, extensive rough ER and cytoskeleton

no centrioles and no mitosis

lots rough ER, golgi, mitochondria, nissl bodies

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18
Q

what are nissl bodies

A

aggregations of cytoskeleton ROugh ER and golgi

Cytoskeleton has dense mesh of microtubules and neurofibrils (bundles of actin filaments) that compartmentalizes rough ER into dark-staining chromatophilic substance

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19
Q

what are the three structures of a neuron

A

neurosoma

dendrites

axon

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20
Q

what are dendrites

A

small extensions off soma (not extracellular)
lots of these

Primary site for receiving signals from other neurons

The more dendrites the neuron has, the more information it can receive

Provide precise pathways for the reception and processing of information

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21
Q

what is an axon (nerve fiber)

A

long extensions of soma, cytoplasm contain this ( 1 of these per soma)

originates from a mound on the neurosoma called the axon hillock

Axon is cylindrical, relatively unbranched for most of its length

Branch extensively on distal end

Specialized for rapid conduction of signals to distant points

may be enclosed by myelin

22
Q

what is axoplasm

and axolemma

A

axoplasm: cytoplasm of axon

Axolemma: plasma membrane of axon

23
Q

what are terminal arborization

A

found on the distal end of the axon

extensive complex of fine branches

24
Q

what is axon terminal

A

little swelling that forms a junction (synapse) with the next cell

Contains synaptic vesicles full of neurotransmitter

25
Q

what are the structural classifications of neurons

A

mulipolar

bipolar

unipolar

anaxonic

26
Q

what is multipolar neuron

A

One axon and multiple dendrites

Most common – most neurons in CNS

27
Q

bipolar neuron

A

One axon and one dendrite

Olfactory cells, retina, inner ear

really long

soma =middle

28
Q

unipolar neuron

A

Single process leading away from neurosoma

Sensory cells from skin and organs to spinal cord

fast

dendrite/axon connected, soma is off to side

QUICKEST
spinal cord/pain senstation

29
Q

anaxonic neuron

A

Many dendrites but no axon

Retina, brain, and adrenal gland

no electrical signal just process

30
Q

what are supportive cells (Neuroglia)

A

way more of them then neurons (outnumber 10:1 = 90%:10%)

protect neurons/help function

bind neurons together =framework for nervous tissue

in fetus guide neruons to their destination

90% cns mass

isolates heat to make sure they dont impede other neurons isolates electrical signal from H2O

31
Q

what are the different types of neuroglia in The CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

ependymal cells

microglia

astrocytes

32
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

Form myelin sheaths in CNS that speed signal conduction

Arm-like processes wrap around nerve fibers

make myelin

33
Q

what is myelin

A

insulator for electrical signals

located around axon

34
Q

ependymal cells

A

Line internal cavities of the brain; secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Cuboidal epithelium with cilia on apical surface

isolate H2O = CSF

35
Q

microglia

A

Wander through CNS looking for debris and damage

Develop from white blood cells (monocytes) and become concentrated in areas of damage

show up during fetal development
got stuck there now break down stuff

lots of lysosomes

36
Q

atrocytes

A

Most abundant glial cell in CNS, covering brain surface and most nonsynaptic regions of neurons in the gray matter

supportive framework
have perivascular feet that contract blood capillaries and stimulate them to seal = blood brain barrier

monitor neuron act
regulate blood flow

37
Q

what are the different neuroglia of the PNS

A

schwann cells

satelite cells

38
Q

schwann cells

A

Envelope nerve fibers in PNS

Wind repeatedly around a nerve fiber

Produce a myelin sheath similar to the ones produced by oligodendrocytes in CNS

Assist in regeneration of damaged fibers

39
Q

satelite cells

A

Surround the neurosomas in ganglia of the PNS

Provide electrical insulation around the neurosoma

Regulate the chemical environment of the neurons

40
Q

myelin

A

contains mylein sheath and myelination

41
Q

myelin sheath

A

nsulation around a nerve fiber

Formed by oligodendrocytes in CNS and Schwann cells in PNS

Consists of the plasma membrane of glial cells

20% protein and 80% lipid

multplie scholorsis = disease of decrease myelin

42
Q

myelination

A

production of the myelin sheath

Begins at week 14 of fetal development

Proceeds rapidly during infancy

Completed in late adolescence

Dietary fat is important to CNS development

43
Q

schwann cells of the PNS

A

sprial repeadtedly around a single nerve fiber

lays down hundred layers of membrane

no cytoplasm between membrane

44
Q

neurilemma

A

: thick, outermost coil of myelin sheath

Contains nucleus and most of its cytoplasm

External to neurilemma is basal lamina and a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue—endoneurium

45
Q

what are the segments of myelin

A

nodes of ranvier

internodes
initail segment

trigger zone

46
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gap between segments

bare wire

47
Q

internoteds

A

myelin-covered segments from one gap to the next

48
Q

intial segment

A

short section of nerve fiber between the axon hillock and the first glial cell

49
Q

trigger zone

A

the axon hillock and the initial segment

Play an important role in initiating a nerve signal

50
Q

what are the two factors that control the speed at which nerve signal travels along surface of nerve fiber

A

diameter of fiber
presence of myelin

fastest: myelin presnt and large
slowest: no myelin and small

Anatomy (20 decks)

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