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Anatomy > Ch 19 Heart > Flashcards

Ch 19 Heart Flashcards

1
Q

what does the cardiovascular system contain

A

heart
blood vessels
blood (conn tissue and an organ)

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2
Q

what is the cardiovascular system also called

A

circulatory system

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3
Q

what are the two major divisions of the circulatory system

A

pulmonary circuit

  • right side of the heart
  • carries blood to lungs for gas exchange and back to heart
  • specific to respiratory system

systemic circuit

  • left side of heart
  • supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues of body and returns to heart
  • includes all systems that move blood throughout body except respiratory
  • move blood to big toe and back
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4
Q

where is the heart located

A

in the mediastinum between the lungs

mediastinum contains more than just heart

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5
Q

what is the difference between the base and the apex of the heart

A

base:

  • wide
  • SUPERIOR portion of heart
  • large vessels attach here
  • adults are about 3.5 in wide at base

5 inches from base to apex

apex:

  • tapered infererior end (point)
  • tilts to the left
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6
Q

what is the size of a heart

A

at any age is it the size of a fist

grows as you grow

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7
Q

3 reasons we say heart is on our left

A
  1. heart tilts to left 30 degrees
  2. heart is rotated to the left
  3. ?
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8
Q

what is the pericardium

A

double walled sac that encloses the heart

  • allows heart to beat without friction
  • provides room to expand, but resists excessive expansion
  • anchored to diaphragm inferiorly and sternum anteriorly
  • does not adhere to heart directly due to pericardial cavity
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9
Q

what is the pericardial cavity

A

it is the space INSIDE the pericardial sac filled with 5-30 ml of pericardial fluid

-prevents friction

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10
Q

what is the parietal pericardium

A

also known as the pericardial sac

contains:

  1. superficial fibrous layer of connective tissue
    - has most collagen
  2. pericardial cavity with pericardial fluid in middle
  3. deep, then serous layer (closest to heart)
    - has more dense irregular tissue
    - contains simple cuboidal epithelial tissue to produce serous fluid
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11
Q

what is the visceral pericardium

A

also called the epicardium (depends on what direction you come from)

  • serous membrane covering the heart
  • adheres to heart
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12
Q

when your stomach growl what does the noise come from1

A

the friction created by the visceral and parietal cavities rubbing

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13
Q

what is pericarditis

A

painful inflammation of the membranes

allows friction to occur

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14
Q

what is the magic number when it comes to the heart

A

4

4 chambers
4 valves
4 blood vessels

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15
Q

what is the epicardium

A

same as the visceral pericardium

  • serous membrane covering the heart = slick outter layer of heart
  • adipose in thick layers in some places cam be found
  • coronary blood vessels travel through this layer
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16
Q

what is the myocardium

A

most important tissue of the heart

  • specific muscle type: cardiac muscle: striated involuntary muscle group
  • provides pressure and force to move blood through the 2 cuircuits: the muscle spirals around the heart which produces wringing motion

-differs in thickness relative to work load
thin if less work = receiving cavities
thick if pumping = ventricles, left ventricle = thickest because pumping to systemic circuit

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17
Q

what is the endocardium

A

smooth inner lining of heart and blood vessels (and valves): simple squamous epithelium - one cell layer thick

  • covers valves surfaces and is continuous with endothelium of blood vessels
  • not protective but is protected
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18
Q

what is the fibrous skeleton of the heart

A

framework of collagen and elastic fibers

it is the skeleton of the heart: gives and maintains shape

provides structural support and attachment for cardiac muscle and anchor valve tissue

electrical insulation between atria and ventricles
- important in timing and coordination of contractile activity

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19
Q

what are the right and left atria

A

two superior chambers

recieve blood returning to heart - conn to veins
-collects from both circuits

auricles (seen on surface) enlarge chamber

not very muscular= not much myocardium

very elastic- expand volumetrically greatly upon receiving blood

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20
Q

what are the left and right ventricles

A

two inferior chambers

pump blood to arteries

myocardium is thicker but varies and elasticity does as well

all ventricles are volumetrically the same size when they have or dont have blood in them

systemic pump ventricle needs more myocardium (L ventricle)

receive blood from atria

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21
Q

what are the two muscular walls of the heart

A

interventricular septum

atrioventricular septum -valves??

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22
Q

what is the atrioventricular sulcus

A

separates atria and ventricles externally and superficially

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23
Q

what is the interventricular sulcus

A

separates the two ventricles externally and overlies the interventricular septum

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24
Q

what is the interventricular septum

A

divides the right v from the left v internally

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25
what do sulci contain
coronary arteries
26
what is the interatrial septum
wall that separates atria internally
27
what are pectinate muscles
muscles of the atria internal ridges of myocardium in right and left atrium organized in bundles/fasicels that overlap eachother = a net fascicle arrangement
28
what is the interventricular spetum
muscular wall that separates the ventricals internally has two types of fasicle arrangement 1. papillary 2. trabeculae carnae
29
what are trabeculae carnae
internal ridges in both ventricles may prevent ventricle walls from sticking together after contraction unorganized fasicles
30
what are the papillary muscles
muscle organization on the internal walls of ventricals that are associated with the atrioventricular valves
31
what are valves
one way flow of blood through the heart thick serous membrane comprised of epithelial tissue and dense irregular tissue
32
what are AV valves
atrioventricular valves control blood flow between atria and ventircles right AV valve (tricuspid) left AV valve (bicuspid)
33
what are chordae tendineae
cords connect AV valve to papillary muscles on floorof ventricles prevent AV valves from flipping or bulging into atria when ventricles contract each papillary muscle has 2-3 attachments to heart floor to distribute physical stress, coordinate timing of electrical conduction, and provide redundancy
34
when are AV valves open
when atria contract/push blood to ventircles
35
when are AV valves closed
when ventricles contract
36
what closes and opens AV valves
blood pressure no direct muscle contraction does
37
what are SL valves
semilunar valves control flow into great arteries open and close because of blood flow and pressure(aka entrance to arteries leaving heart) has two valves pulmonary semilunar valve aortic semilunar valve
38
what is the pulmonary semilunar valve
opening between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
39
what is the aortic semilunar valve
opening between left ventricle and aorta
40
what happens when ventricles relax
pressure drops inside the ventricle semilunar valves close as blood attempts to back up into the ventricles from the vessels av valves open blood flows from atria to ventricles
41
what happens when ventricles contract
av valve close as blood attempts to back up into the atria pressure rises inside of the ventricles semilunar valves open and blood flows into great vessels
42
what is coronary circulation
5% of blood pumped by heart is pumped to the heart itself through the coronary circulation to sustain its strenuous workload 250 ml of blood per minute needs abundant O2 and nutrients
43
what is the right coronary artery (RCA)
branches off the ascending aorta supplies right atrium and sinoatrial node (pacemaker) contains the right marginal branch and posterior interventricular branch
44
what is the right marginal branch
supplies lateral aspect of right atrium and ventricle
45
what is the posterior interventricular branch
supplies posterior walls of ventricles
46
what is the left coronary artery (LCA)
branches off the ascending artery contains the anterior interventricular branch and circumflex branch
47
what is the anterior interventricular branch
supplies blood to both ventricles and anterior two thirds of the interventricular septum
48
what is the circumflex branch
passes around left side of heart in coronary sulcus gives off left marginal branch and then ends on the posterior side of the heart supplies to the left atrium and posterior wall of left ventricle
49
what is angina pectoris
chest pain from partial obstruction of coronary blood flow pain caused by ischemia (starving) of cardiac muscle obstruction partially blocks blood flow myocardium shifts to anaerobic fermentation producing lactate= pain
50
what is myocardial infarction (MI)
heart attach sudden death of a patch of myocardium resting from long term obstruction of coronary circulation atheroma (blood clot or fatty deposit) often obstructs coronary arteries cardiac msucles downstream of the blockage dies heavy pressure or squezzing pain radiating into the left arm
51
how do you fix a myocardial infarction
bipass surgery or stint stint: when a pace a plastic tub in artery to get rid of fat deposit and hold artery open, fished up through femoral bypass: BV from somewhere in body to reroute around clogged one (usually the saphinous vein is used)
52
what is the coronary sinus
it is how most blood returns to right atria large transverse vein in coronary sulcus on posterior side of the heart collects blood and empties into right atria - aka a reservoir/expansion area of vein where blood cools until more blood collects then pushed into the atria it has three inputs 1. great cardiac vein 2. middle cardiac vein 3. left marginal vein
53
what is the great cardiac vein
travels alongside anterior interventricular artery collects blood from anterior portion of heart empties into coronary sinus
54
middle cardiac vein (posterior interventricular)
found in posterior sulcus collects blood from posterior portion of heart drains into coronary sinus
55
left marginal vein
empties into coronary sinus
56
what are the cells of cardio muscle and their features
cardiomyocytes they are striated, short, thick branched cells that have one central nucleus surrounded by light staining mass of glycogen needed for connection and communication between cells because not enough electrical signal to stimulate all of them to contract at the same time
57
what is the name for what joins cardiomyocytes end to end
intercalated discs do so with 3 features 1. interdigitating folds 2. mechanical junctions 3. electrical junctions (gap junctions)
58
what are interdigitating folds
folds that interlock with eachother and increase surface area of contact for cardiomyocytes
59
what are mechanical junctions
tightly join cardiomyocytes have desmosomes- mechanical linkages that prevent contracting cardiomyocytes from being pulled apart from each other
60
what are electrical junctions
the gap junctions of cardiac muscle allow ions to flow between cells- makes it possible to stimulate neighbors entire myocardium of either two atria or ventricles act like single unified cell

Anatomy (20 decks)

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