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PT 105 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is kinesiology?

A

Study of how human movement and posture are produced

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2
Q

What are mechanical principles applied to human movement?

A

Biomechanics

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3
Q

What is kinematics?

A

Parameters related to kinetics

ie- mass, time, & speed

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4
Q

What are forces that cause movement?

A

Kinetics

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5
Q

What does ipsilateral mean?

A

It refers to same side of the body

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6
Q

What does contralateral mean?

A

It refers to the opposite side of the body

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7
Q

Linear motion occurs?

A

in a straight line

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8
Q

What is an example of rectilinear motion?

A

A child sledding down a hill, sail boat moving through the water or a baseball player running from home base to 1st base

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9
Q

Describe a curvilinear motion?

A

It is a curved path that isn’t circular

ie- a diver jumping off a diving board

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10
Q

What is movement of an object around a fixed point

A

Angular motion aka- rotary motion

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11
Q

How do the fundamental position and anatomical position differ?

A

Fundamental- palms facing the sides of the body

Anatomical- palms facing forward.

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12
Q

Describe ADduction?

A

Movement TOWARDS the midline

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13
Q

Desribe ABduction?

A

Movement AWAY from the midline

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14
Q

Dorsiflexion is…?

A

Extension of the wrist and ankle joint

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15
Q

What is hyperextension?

A

Continuation of movement/extension beyond the anatomical position

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16
Q

What is osteokinematics?

A

the movement of bones around a joint axis

ie- humerus moving on scapula

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17
Q

What is arthrokinematics?

A

Deals with the relationship of joint surface movement

ie- humeral head’s movement within glenoid fossa of scapula or the femoral head moving in the acetabulum

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18
Q

What are the 4 movements that make up circumduction?

A
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Adduction
  • Abduction
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19
Q

Describe the Frontal plane?

A

divides the body into front and back parts

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20
Q

What is the saggital plane?

A

divides the body into right and left parts

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21
Q

Which plane divides the body into top and bottom parts?

A

Transverse

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22
Q

What is the point where the 3 cardinal planes intersect with each other?

A

The center of gravity

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23
Q

What motions occur in the saggital plane?

A

flexion and extension

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24
Q

Rotation occurs in which plane of motion?

A

Transverse plane

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25
Q

What motions occur in the frontal plane?

A

abduction and adduction

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26
Q

A cardinal plane?

A

Divides the body into equal parts

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27
Q

What is another name for the frontal plane?

A

Coronal plane

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28
Q

What is another name for the transverse plane?

A

Horizontal plane

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29
Q

What are Axes?

A

They are points that run through a joint around which a part rotates

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30
Q

Which axis is a point that runs through a joint from front to back?

A

Sagittal axis

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31
Q

Where does the frontal axis occur?

A

It runs through a joint from side to side

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32
Q

What is another name for the vertical axis?

A

Longitudinal axis

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33
Q

This axis runs through a joint from top to bottom?

A

Vertical axis

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34
Q

Flexion/ extension, occur in which plane and axis

A

Sagital plane

Frontal axis

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35
Q

Which joint motions occur in the Frontal plane and Sagittal axis?

A

Abduction/adduction
radial/ ulnar deviation
Eversion/ inversion

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36
Q

Which joint motions occur in the transverse plane/ Vertical axis

A

Internal/ external rotation
Supination/ pronation
Horizontal abduction/ adduction

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37
Q

What is a dislocation?

A

the complete separation of the two articular surfaces of a joint.
A portion of the joint capsule surrounding the joint will be torn

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38
Q

Describe a subluxation?

A

a partial dislocation of a joint, usually occurs over a period of time

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39
Q

What is the difference between a sprain and a strain?

A 
Sprain= partial or complete tearing of ligament fibers
Strain= overstretching of muscle fibers
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40
Q

What is capsulitis?

A

inflammation of the joint capsule

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41
Q

What is tenosynovitis?

A

Inflammation of the tendon sheath
Often caused by repetitive use
Common sites are long head of the biceps/ flexor tendons of the hands

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42
Q

Looking at a spot on the ceiling directly over your head involves what joint motion?

A

Neck hyperextension

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43
Q

Putting your hand in your back pocket involves what SHOULDER joint rotation?

A

Shoulder internal rotation

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44
Q

Picking up a pencil on the floor besides your chair involves what trunk joint rotation?

A

Trunk lateral bending

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45
Q

Putting your right ankle on your left knee involves what type of hip rotation?

A

Hip external rotation

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46
Q

If you place your hand on the back of a dog, that is referred to as what surface? If you place your hand on the back of the person, that is referred to as what surface?

A 
Dog = dorsal
Person = posterior
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47
Q

A person lying on a bed staring at the ceiling is in what position?

A

Supine

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48
Q

A person wheeling across a room in a wheelchair uses both linear and angular motion. Describe when each type of motion is being used?

A

Angular motion is being used by the upper extremity joints- shoulders, elbows, wrists- to propel the wheelchair
Linear motion occurs as the person moves the across the room in the wheelchair

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49
Q

When touching the left shoulder with the left hand, is a person using the contralateral or ipsilateral hand?

A

Ipsilateral

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50
Q

What are the differences between the axial and appendicular skeletons?

A 
Axial= contains no long or short bones/ provides support and protection
Appendicular= contains no irregular bones/ provides framework for movement
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51
Q

Where is compact bone located?

A

Compact bone is found in the diaphysis of long bones

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52
Q

Where is cancellous bone located?

A

Cancellous bone is found in the metaphysis & epiphysis

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53
Q

Which is heavier, compact or cancellous bone? Why?

A

Compact bone because it is less porous

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54
Q

What type of bone is mainly involved in an individual’s growth in height? In what portion of the bone does this growth occur?

A

An individual’s height growth occurs mainly in long bones.

The growth occurs at the epiphysis of long bones

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55
Q

What is the purpose of a sesamoid bone?

A

They protect tendons from excess wear.

The patella has the additional function of increasing the angle of pull of the quadriceps muscle

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56
Q

What bone markings can be classified as depressions and openings?

A

Foramen, fossa, groove, meatus, sinus

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57
Q

A condyle, eminence, facet, and head are classified as?

A

Bone projections or processes that fit into joints

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58
Q

Name the bone markings that can be classified as projections or processes that attach connective tissue?

A

Crest, epicondyle, line, spine, trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle

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59
Q

What type of bone marking is the bicipital groove?

A

ditchlike DEPRESSION

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60
Q

The humeral head can be classified as which type of bone marking?

A

Rounded articular projection that fits into a joint

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61
Q

The acetabulum is classified as which type of bone marking

A

Deep depression

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62
Q

What is the name of the membrane that lines the medullary canal?

A

Endosteum

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63
Q

The main shaft of the bone is called what?

A

Diaphysis

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64
Q

In children, does long bone growth occur at a traction epiphysis or at a pressure epiphysis?

A

Pressure epiphysis

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65
Q

Is the sternum part of the axial or appendicular skeletal?

A

Axial

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66
Q

Is the clavicle part of the axial or appendicular skeletal?

A

Appendicular

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67
Q

Is the humerus part of the axial or appendicular skeletal?

A

Appendicular

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68
Q

What are 3 types of joints that allow little or no motion?

A

A joint that allows very little or no motion is a fibrous joint
The 3 types of fibrous joints are synarthrosis, syndesmosis, & gomphosis

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69
Q

What are the 2 terms for a joint that allows a great deal of motion?

A

A joint that allows for a great deal of motion is called a synovial joint or diarthrosis

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70
Q

What are the 3 features that describe diarthrodial joints?

A

Diathrodial joints can be described by

  1. number of axes
  2. the shape of the joint
  3. the joint motion involved
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71
Q

What type of structure connects bone to muscle?

A

Tendon

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72
Q

What type of joint structure pads and protects areas of great friction?

A

Bursa

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73
Q

How does hyaline cartilage differ from fibrocartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage is located on the bone ends of synovial joints and provides a smooth articulating surface
Fibrocartilage is thicker and is located b/t bones to provide shock absorption and spacing

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74
Q

What are examples of fibrocartilage?

A

Menisci of the knee

Disks of the vertebrae

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75
Q

When the anterior surface of the forearm moves toward the anterior surface of the humerus, what joint motion is involved? In what plane is the motion occurring? Around what axis?

A

Elbow flexion
It occurs in the sagittal plane
Around the frontal axis

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76
Q

What joint motions are involved in turning the palm of the hand? In what plane and around what axis does that joint motion occur?

A

Forearm pronation
It occurs in the transverse plane
Around the vertical axis

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77
Q

What joint motion is involved in returning the fingers to anatomical position from the fully spread position? In what plane and what axis does this joint motion occur?

A

Finger adduction
It occurs in the sagittal plane
Around the frontal axis

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78
Q

Identify the 11 degrees of freedom of the upper extremity?

A 
Shoulder=3
Elbow=1
Radioulnar= 1
Wrist=2
MCP=2
PIP=1
DIP=1
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79
Q

Give an example of a synarthrodial joint in the axial skeleton?

A

Bones in the skull

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80
Q

Diarthrodial, synovial, triaxial, & ball and socket are all terms that could be used to describe which joint of the upper extremity? Could these same terms apply to a joint in the lower extremity? If so what joint is it?

A

Glenohumeral joint

Yes, Hip joint

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81
Q

Diarthrodial, synovial, biaxial, and saddle are all terms that could be used to describe which joint?

A

CMC joint of the thumb

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82
Q

What are two joint terms that could be used to describe the symphysis pubis?

A

Amphiarthosis and cartilaginous

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83
Q

What joint structure surrounds and encases the joint and protects the articular surfaces?

A

Joint capsule

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84
Q

What are the skeletal system functions?

A

Provides a rigid framework
Shapes the body
Protects vital organs (brain, heart, liver, spleen, spinal cord)
Supports the soft tissues of the body
Assists in movement by providing a rigid structure for muscle attachment, and activation and leverage
Manufactures blood cells primarily in flat bones (Ilium, vertebra, sternum, and ribs)

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85
Q

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

A 
80
Cranium = 8
Face = 14
Thorax = 25
Vertebral column = 26
Other (hyoid/ear ossicles) =7
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86
Q

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126
UE = 64
LE = 62

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87
Q

Describe compact bone?

A

Hard, dense outer shell
Completely covers bone
Thick along shaft and plates of flat bones
Thin at ends of long bones

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88
Q

Describe cancellous bone?

A

Trabeculae area
Porous, spongy inner porition
same material as compact bone but more porous and contains less solid material
Loose mesh structure of pores filled w/ marrow = lighter
Makes up most of articular ends of bone

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89
Q

What is an osteon?

A

Fundamental unit of bone

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90
Q

What is haversian canal?

A

Small channel at center of each osteon
Contains blood vessels and nerve supply
Volkman’s canals- branches from central canal

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91
Q

What structure of the bone is located at the ends of the bone usually in the wider area?

A

Epiphysis

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92
Q

What structure of a bone is a hollow center where marrow and arteries are located?

A

Medullary cavity

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93
Q

This membranous structure of bone lines the medullary canal?

A

Endosteum

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94
Q

This bone structure is the main shaft of the bone composed of compact bone and provides strength?

A

Diaphysis

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95
Q

In children, this is the location where new longitudinal bone growth occurs

A

Epiphyseal plate

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96
Q

What is the thin fibrous membrane covering all of the bone except the articular surfaces that are covered by hyaline cartilage?

A

Periosteum

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97
Q

Which bone structure contains nerve and blood vessels that promote growth and repairs bones. Also serving as the attachment for tendons and ligaments?

A

Periosteum

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98
Q

What are the two types of epiphyses found in growing children?

A

Pressure epiphysis

Traction epiphysis

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99
Q

Which type of epiphyses is located where tendons attach to bones and are subjected to a pulling force?

A

Traction epiphysis

Examples: greater & lesser trochanters of the femur and tibial tuberosity

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100
Q

Which type of epiphyses is located at the ends of long bones where they receive pressure from the opposing bone making up that joint?

A

Pressure epiphysis
because this occurs where the growth in long bones occurs if the epiphysis of a growing bone is not firmly attached to the diaphysis, it can slip or become misshapen

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101
Q

What is the composition and function of long bones?

A

Composed of compact bone and surrounding marrow with a length greater than width. Function: Largest bones in the body, and comprise the appendicular skeleton . (Humerus, Femur, Tibia)

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102
Q

What is the composition and shape of a flat bone?

A

Composed of two layers of compact with cancellous bone, and marrow in between. Shape: Broad, and curved at the surface without increased thickness. (Scapula/Ilium)

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103
Q

Which type of bone’s function is to protect the tendon from excessive wear and shearing?

A

Sesamoid bone

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104
Q

What is the composition and shape of an irregular bone?

A

Composed of cancellous bone and marrow encased in a thin layer of cancellous bone. Shape: Bones are primary in a mixed shape. (Vertebrae and sacrum)

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105
Q

Describe the composition and shape of a short bone?

A

Composed of a thin layer of compact bone covering cancellous bone with a marrow cavity. Shape: Equal dimensions in height, length, and width, and have an increase in articular surface since they articulate with other bones. (Carpals-wrist /Tarsals-ankle)

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106
Q

Describe Legg-Calve Perthes disease?

A

pediatric disorders of the joint/bone; lack of blood flow to the head of the femur results in degeneration of the bone

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107
Q

What disease is caused by traction of the epiphyseal plate at the tibial tuberosity?

A

Osgood Schlatter disease

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108
Q

Describe slipped femoral capital epiphyses?

A

pediatric disorders of the joint/bone-separation of the femoral head from the hip joint (acetabulum) caused by inflammation or hormonal imbalances

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109
Q

Is shoulder flexion and extension an arthrokinematic type of motion or osteokinematic?

A

Osteokinematic

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110
Q

Is shoulder distraction an arthrokinematic or osteokinematic type of motion?

A

Arthrokinematic

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111
Q

You would feel what type of end feel at the end of the knee flexion range?

A

Soft tissue approximation

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112
Q

Flex the shoulder from the extended position.

Is the humerus moving on the scapula, or is the scapula moving on the humerus?

A

Humerus is moving on the scapula

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113
Q

Flex the shoulder from the extended position.

Is the proximal end of the humerus a concave or convex joint surface?

A

Proximal end of the humerus is convex

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114
Q

Flex the shoulder from the extended position.

Does the glenoid fossa of the scapula have a concave or convex joint surface?

A

Glenoid fossa of the scapula is concave

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115
Q

Flex the shoulder from the extended position.

Is the concave surface moving on a fixed convex surface or is a convex surface moving on a fixed concave surface?

A

Convex surface is moving on a fixed concave surface

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116
Q

Flex the shoulder from the extended position.

Is the joint surface moving in the same or opposite direction as the joint motion?

A

Opposite direction

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117
Q

Identify the accessory motion forces occurring in the following activities?
A. Leaning on a table w/ your elbows extended
B. Transferring from a wheelchair to the car using a sliding board
C. Picking up one end of table
D. Opening a jar
E. Swinging a child around by her arms

A 
A = Compression or approximation
B = Shear
C = Traction or distraction
D = Torsional
E = Traction or distraction
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118
Q

Is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in the close-packed position when the teeth are clenched or when the mouth is slightly open?

A

Teeth clenched

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119
Q

Rotating a quarter on its edge across the table demonstrates what type of arthrokinematics motion?

A

Roll

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120
Q

Lay a quarter flat on the table and hit it with your finger, sending it across the table. This motion would be what type of arthrokinematic motion?

A

Glide

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121
Q

Hold a pencil vertically with the lead end on the table. Holding the eraser end b/t your thumb and index finger, roll the pencil b/t your fingers, keeping the lead end in contact withe the table. This is demonstrating what type of arthrokinematic motion?

A

Spin

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122
Q

Assuming muscles are of normal length and taking a person’s ankle into dorsiflexion, you would expect what type of end feel?

A

Soft tissue touch

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123
Q

A person bends down to touch the floor in the sagittal plane.
What type of force is applied to the anterior vertebra?
What type of force is applied to the posterior vertebra?

A 
Anterior = Compression
Posterior = Distraction
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124
Q

Sitting in a chair, a man turns around to look behind him. What type of force is being applied to the vertebral column?

A

Torsional

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125
Q

The surfaces of the thumb metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint are what shape?

A

Ovoid

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126
Q

Is the rotational motion at the thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) joint considered a classical or an accessory movement? Why?

A

Accessory

Rotation can not be done alone. It occurs when that joint abducts and flexes, thereby accomplishing opposition.

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127
Q

This is a subjective assessment of the quality of the feel when slight pressure is applied at the end of the joint’s passive ROM?

A

End feel

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128
Q

Describe a normal end feel?

A

Full passive ROM at a joint, and the normal anatomical structures stop the movement.

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129
Q

What type of end feel is present when pain, muscle guarding, or swelling stops the joint movement?

A

Abnormal end feel

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130
Q

Name the end feel that occurs when muscle bulk is compressed, giving a soft end feel? Give an example?

A

Soft tissue approximation

ie- Elbow flexion is stopped by the approximation of the forearm & arm

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131
Q

Name the end feel that is characterized by a hard and abrupt limit to passive joint motion? What else could it be called? Give an example?

A

A painless, abrupt, hard stop to movement when bone contacts bone
ie- Normal terminal elbow ext. as the bony olecrannon process contacts the bony olecrannon fossa

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132
Q

List the NORMAL end feel terms?

A

Hard (bony)
Soft (soft tissue apposition)
Firm (soft tissue stretch)
Capsular stretch

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133
Q

Name the end feel that is a sudden hard stop usually felt well before the end of normal ROM?

A

Abnormal hard end feel

ie- joint that contains loose bodies, degenerative joint disease, dislocation, or a fracture

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134
Q

This end feel is often found in acute conditions in which soft tissue edema or synovitis?

A

Boggy end feel

135
Q

What is a reflexive muscle guarding during motion?

A

Muscle spasm

136
Q

In this type of end feel a rebound movement is felt at the end of the ROM, it usually occurs w/ INTERNAL DERANGEMENT of a joint, such as torn cartilage?

A

Springy block

ie- knee w/ torn meniscus

137
Q

Which type of end feel has some slight give to it when the joint is taken to the end range?

A

Firm (soft tissue stretch)

138
Q

List the abnormal end feels?

A 
Hard
Soft
Firm
Springy block
Empty 
Spasm
139
Q

What could a spasm end feel indicate?

A

Acute or subacute arthritis
Severe active lesion
Fracture
If pain is absent = lesion of the CNS w/ increased muscle tone

140
Q

What is an empty end feel?

A

It occurs when the movement produces considerable pain

No mechanical limitation at end range b/c pt. will not let you move the part through further ROM

141
Q

Define manipulation?

A

a passive movement applied within a short range and with a very forceful thrust that can not be stopped

142
Q

This is described as a passive oscillatory motion or sustained stretch that is applied at a slow enough speed by an external force that the individual can stop the motion?

A

Joint mobilization

143
Q

What are joint mobilizations used for?

A

To improve joint mobility or decrease pain of joint structures

144
Q

Describe joint play?

A

Passive movement b/t joint surfaces done by passively applying external force
ie- includes motions such as glide, spin, roll

145
Q

What are component movements?

A

motions that accompany active motion but are not under voluntary control
these motions must occur to have normal joint motion

146
Q

Give examples of component movements?

A

Shoulder girdle must rotate upward for the shoulder joint to flex
Femur rotates on tibia during last few degrees of knee extension
Rotation occurs at the thumb during opposition

147
Q

What type of joint has two bones forming a convex-concave relationship?

A

Ovoid joint

148
Q

Give examples of an ovoid joint?

A

Metacarpophalangeal joint

Most synovial joints

149
Q

What is a seller or saddle shaped joint?

A

A joint where each joint surface is concave in one direction and convex in another
ie- carpometacarpal (CMP) joint of the thumb, trapezium carpal bone is concave front to back and convex side to side

150
Q

What are the arthrokinematic motions?

A

Roll, glide or slide, & spin

151
Q

What type of arthrokinematic motion is linear motion of a joint surface parallel to the plane of adjoining joint surface?

A

Glide or slide

152
Q

What type of arthrokinematic motion is the rotation of a movable joint surface on the fixed adjacent surface?

A

Spin

153
Q

What type of arthrokinematic motion is movement of one joint surface over another?

A

Roll

154
Q

What does the concave convex rule describe?

A

How the differences in the shapes of bone ends require joint surfaces to move in a specific way during joint movement
A concave joint surface will move on a fixed convex surface in the SAME direction the body segment is moving

155
Q

Give an example of the concave convex rule?

A

The head of the humerus is convex and the glenoid fossa is concave
During shoulder flexion, the convex surface of the humeral head moves in the opposite direction (downward) from the rest of the humerus which is moving upward

156
Q

Convex joint surface moves in the __________ direction of the body segment’s movement.

A

opposite

157
Q

Concave joint surface moves in the __________ direction of the body segment’s movement.

A

same

158
Q

What is the position of maximum incongruence?

A

Loose packed position

159
Q

What accessory motion occurs when external force is exerted on a joint causing the joint to be pushed closer together? Give examples?

A

Approximation aka compression

ie- push ups bring the joint surfaces of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist to be approximated

160
Q

What are the 3 types of accessory motion forces when applying joint mobilization? Which are the combination of forces?

A

Traction, compression, & shearing

Combo= bending and torsional

161
Q

When a joint is congruent the joint surfaces have maximum contract with eachother and are tightly compressed. What is this know as?

A

Closed-packed position

162
Q

What accessory motion occurs when external force is exerted on a joint causing the joint surfaces to pull apart? Give examples?

A

Traction (distraction or tension)

ie- carrying a heavy suitcase or hanging from an overhead bar causes traction to the shoulder, elbow, & wrist joints

163
Q

What accessory motion forces occur parallel to the surface and result in a glide motion at the joint?

A

Shear

-ie anterior/posterior glide

164
Q

What occurs during a bending accessory motion?

A

Compression on the concave side

Traction on the convex side

165
Q

What occurs during a torsional accessory motion?

A

One force is turning on end of the bone around a longitudinal axis while the other force is fixed or turning in the opposite direction

166
Q

What pathology refers to a complete separation of the two articular surfaces of a joint?

A

Dislocation

167
Q

What is tendonitis?

A

Inflammation of a tendon

168
Q

This refers to the overstretching of muscle fibers?

A

Strain

169
Q

Name the type of arthritis that is caused by the breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of one or more joints? What areas of the body are at the highest risk?

A

Osteoarthritis

Hands, feet, spine, hips, and knees

170
Q

What is inflammation to a bursa called?

A

Bursitis

171
Q

Define capsulitis?

A

Inflammation of the joint capsule

172
Q

What is a partial dislocation of a joint usually occurs over a period of time?

A

Subluxation

173
Q

What is synovitis?

A

Inflammation of the synovial membrane

174
Q

Define tendosynovitis?

A

Inflammation of the tendon sheath and is often caused by repetitive use

175
Q

What is the purpose of the articular surface?

A

Provides joint stability & mobility

176
Q

Name the different joint shapes?

A 
Ball and socket
Ellipsoid
Hinge 
Saddle 
Gliding 
Pivot
177
Q

A cartilaginous joint is separated by either ______ or ______ b/t the two bones.

A

Hyaline or fibrocartilage

178
Q

What is another name of a cartilaginous joint? Describe it?

A

Amphiarthrodial joint
Allows for a small amount of motion, bending, twisting, and compression.
Provides a great deal of stability

179
Q

Describe a synovial joint?

A

There is no direct union b/t bone ends
Cavity is filled w/ synovial fluid contained with in a sleevelike capsule
Outer layer of capsule= strong fibrous tissue that holds joint together
Inner layer lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid

180
Q

What is another name for a synovial joint?

A

Diarthrodial joint
Allows for free motion
Less stable

181
Q

What is a nonaxial joint?

A

Joint surfaces flat & glide over one another
Movement is linear, not angular
Motion occurs secondary to other motion

182
Q

Give an example is a non axial joint?

A

The carpal bones

ie- movement occurs here when the wrist flexes/extends or radial/ulnar deviation

183
Q

What is a uniaxial joint?

A

Angular motion occuring in one plane around one axis

184
Q

Give an example of a uniaxial joint? Explain why?

A

The elbow or knee (hinge joint)
The only motions possible are flexion/extension
Occurs in sagittal plane around frontal axis

185
Q

What motion occurs in a pivot joint? Give an example

A

Rotation (therefore uniaxial)
Radius pivot around ulna during pronation/supination
Cervical vertebra rotate around the odontoid process of the 2nd vertebra

186
Q

Explain a biaxial joint? Give an example?

A

A joint that allows for 2 directions of motion

The wrist can flex/extend in frontal axis and radial/ulnar deviation in sagittal axis

187
Q

What types of joints are found in a biaxial joint?

A 
Ellipsoid
Saddle joint ( thumb CMC)
188
Q

Explain how the CMC joint of the thumb is a unique biaxial joint?

A

CMC joint shape allows for rotation to occur as an accessory motion to the primary motions of the thumb (flex/ext, abd/add)

189
Q

What are the shape of non axial joints?

A

Irregular

190
Q

What are the joint motions that can occur in a triaxial or multiaxial joint?

A

Flexion/extension (sagittal plane/ frontal axis)
Abduction/Adduction (frontal plane/ sagittal axis)
Roation (transverse plane/ longitudinal axis)
Horizontal abduction/ adduction (transverse plane/ longitudinal axis

191
Q

Give examples of triaxial joints?

A

Glenohumeral joint

Hip joint

192
Q

What is another name for a triaxial joint?

A

Ball and socket joint

193
Q

What type of cartilage acts as a shock absorber? Where are they located?

A

Fibrocartilage
Vertebra = intervertebral disks
Knee = menisci

194
Q

Define ligaments?

A

Bands of fibrous connective tissue that provide attachment for cartilage, fascia, and muscle to bone

195
Q

What is every synovial joint surrounded by? What does this structure do?

A

Capsule

Provides support and protection

196
Q

Describe synovial fluid?

A

Thick, clear liquid that lubricates articular cartilage
Reduces friction to help the joint move freely
Provides nutrition to articular cartilage and some shock absorption

197
Q

What is another name for hyaline cartilage? Where is it found?

A

Articular cartilage

Found on the ends of bones

198
Q

What does hyaline cartilage provide?

A

A smooth articulating surface in all synovial joints

199
Q

What are the types of fibrous joints?

A

Synarthrosis
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis

200
Q

What is an example of a syndesmosis joint?

A

Distal tibifibular joint & distal radioulnar joint
Ligaments and interosseous membranes hold joint together
Slight joint motion

201
Q

What is an example of a Gomphosis joint?

A

Occurs b/t a tooth and the wall of the dental socket of the mandible and maxilla
No joint motion

202
Q

Gomphosis, means what in Greek?

A

Bolting together

203
Q

What is a examples of a synarthosis joint?

A

Fibrous sutures found b/t the bones of the skill

No joint motion

204
Q

What is osteokinematics?

A

Gross movements of bones at joints referred to movement that occurs b/t two bones at synovial joints

205
Q

List some osteokinematic movements?

A

Flex/Ext
IR/ER
Abduction/Adduction

206
Q

What are arthrokinematics?

A

Small amplitude motions of bones at joint surface aka- joint play

207
Q

List the arthrokinematic motions?

A

Roll
Glide or slide
Spin

208
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

Muscle contracts producing force without changing muscle length (no joint movement)

209
Q

What is an isotonic contraction?

A

muscle contracts & muscle length & joint changes

210
Q

What is another name for isometric contraction?

A

static or tonic contraction

211
Q

What is another name for isotonic contraction?

A

phasic

212
Q

What contraction consists of joint movement, muscle shorten, & muscle attachments (o&i) move toward each other ?

A

concentric muscle contraction

213
Q

What contraction consists of joint motion but the muscle appears to lengthen, & the muscle attachments seperates

A

eccentric muscle contraction

214
Q

What are some examples of information gained via visual observation?

A

facial expression, symmetrical or compensatory motion in functional activities, body posture, muscle contours, body proportions and color, condition & creases of the skin

215
Q

What is the definition of palpation?

A

examination of the body surface by touch

216
Q

Bony landmarks are used as _______ to assess limb or trunk circumference

A

reference points

217
Q

Why is palpation preformed?

A

to asses bony & soft tissue contours, soft tissue consistency, and skin temperature & texture

218
Q

How do you palpate a tendon?

A

place the tips of the index & middle fingers across the long axis of the tendon & gently roll forward & backward across the tendon

219
Q

What type of muscle contraction should a patient perform when a pta is palpating a muscle or tendon?

A

isometrically - contracting and relaxing

220
Q

What is optimal posture when working with a patient on a plinth?

A

broad base of support (ability to shift), knees slightly flexed, neutral lordotic posture

221
Q

What are the 5 L’s?

A

Load, lever, lungs, lordosis, legs

222
Q

Where is the center of gravity considered when supporting a limb ?

A

located apprx. at the junction of the upper & middle third of the segment

223
Q

The study of movement of the bone in space is?

A

osteokinematics

224
Q

What is joint movement?

A

The amount of movement that occurs at a joint to produce movement of a bone in space

225
Q

This type of movement is performed when the patient contracts muscle to voluntarily move the body part through ROM

A

active range of motion AROM

226
Q

This type of movement is performed when the patient can’t voluntary move and they need assistance from a therapies or another external force to move the body through ROM

A

passive range of motion (PROM)

227
Q

An ______ _________ or _______ is formed when two bony articular surfaces, lined hyaline cartilage meet & movement is allowed to occur at the junction

A

anatomical joint, articulation

228
Q

What are the two names for a joint that consists of two surfaces moving one with respect to the other; muscle & bone, muscle, bursa, and bone

A

physiological , functional joint

229
Q

What are two examples of physiological joints?

A

scapulothoracic joint or subdeltoid joint

230
Q

What is a syndesmosis joint?

A

opposing bone surfaces are relativity far apart & joined together by ligaments

231
Q

What does angular motion refer to?

A

movements that produce an increase or decrease in the angle btw the adjacent bones

232
Q

What movements does angular motion specifically refer to?

A

flexion, extension, abduction & adduction

233
Q

Bending a part so the anterior surfaces come closer together is called

A

Flexion

234
Q

When the dorsal surface of the foot is brought closer to the anterior aspect of the leg, the movement is called

A

Dorsiflexion

235
Q

The straightening of a part and movement is i the opposite direction to flexion movements is called

A

Extension

236
Q

When the plantar aspect of the foot is extended toward the posterior aspect of the leg, the movement is called

A

Plantarflexion

237
Q

Movement that goes beyond the normal anatomical joint position of extension is called

A

Hyperextension

238
Q

Movement away from the midline of the body or body part is called

A

Abduction

239
Q

Abduction of the scapula is called

A

Protraction

240
Q

Jimmy flexes and extends his elbow, name the plane and axis involved in this motion

A

Sagittal plane and Frontal axis

241
Q

Jimmy abducts and adducts his shoulder, name the plane and axis involved in this motion

A

Frontal plane and Sagittal axis

242
Q

Jimmy internally and externally rotates his shoulder, name the plane and axis involved in this motion

A

Transverse plane and Longitudinal axis

243
Q

Scapula adduction is referred to as?

A

retraction

244
Q

scapula abduction is referred to as?

A

protraction

245
Q

Which digits in the hand & foot are considered midline for abduction & adduction?

A

hand- 3rd digit foot- 2nd digit

246
Q

Neck rotation occurs around which vertebrae and around which axis?

A

atlantoaxial joint c1,c2 axis= vertical axis or longitudinal

247
Q

What is opposition of the thumb?

A

the tips of the thumb & little fingers come together

248
Q

When the thumb and little finger return to anatomical position from a position of opposition it is referred to ?

A

reposition of the thumb & little fingers

249
Q

Tilt describes movement of which two bony structures?

A

scapula & pelvis

250
Q

Describe “Anterior tilt of scapula”

A

The coracoid process moves in an anterior and caudal direction while the inferior angle moves in a posterior and cranial direction

251
Q

Describe “Posterior tilt of scapula”

A

The coracoid process moves in a posterior and cranial direction while the inferior angle of the scapula moves in an anterior and caudal direction

252
Q

Describe “Anterior pelvic tilt”

A

the anterior superior iliac spines of the pelvis move in an anterior and caudal direction

253
Q

Describe “Posterior pelvic tilt”

A

the anterior superior iliac spines of the pelvis move in a posterior and cranial direction

254
Q

Describe “Lateral pelvic tilt”

A

movement of the ipsilateral iliac crest in the frontal plane either in a cranial direction or in a caudal direction

255
Q

Define Scaption?

A

when the plane of the scapula is 30 degrees to 45 degrees anterior to the frontal plane, and is the plane of reference for diagonal movements of shoulder elevation

256
Q

A reduced amount of movement; joint ROM that is less than the normal ROM expected at the joint is referred to as

A

Hypomobility

257
Q

An excessive amount of movement; joint ROM that is greater than the normal ROM expected at the joint is referred to as

A

Hypermobility

258
Q

When the length of a muscle prevents full ROM at the joint or joints that the muscle crosses over, it is called

A

Passive insufficiency

259
Q

The study of movement occurring within the joints, between the articular surfaces of the bones is called

A

Arthrokinematics

260
Q

When assessing joint ROM you must know the _____ of the joint and observe which _____ of movement of the bone and understand which rul?

A

shape , direction, concave-convex

261
Q

In the hip joint which portion is concave & which is convex?

A

acetabulum is concave, head of the femur is convex

262
Q

The first carpometacarpal joint joint is formed by which surfaces?

A

distal surface of the trapezium & base of the first metacarpal

263
Q

The first caropmetacarpal joint is an example of which type of joint?

A

saddle-shaped joint

264
Q

Which two motions occur together at a joint?

A

glide & roll

265
Q

Which type of motion is analogous to a car tire rolling over the ground?

A

Roll

266
Q

Which type of motion is analogous to a car tire sliding over an icy surface?

A

glide

267
Q

Restricted inferior glide of the convex humeral head would result in which motion in which joint?

A

decreased glenohumeral joint abduction ROM

268
Q

Restricted anterior glide of the concave tibial articular surface would result in which motion

A

decreased knee extension ROM

269
Q

When is AROM & PROM assessment contraindicated?

A

where muscle contraction or motion of the part could disrupt the healing process or further injure it

270
Q

Should a therapist perform AROM and PROM assessment techniques when they suspect a subluxation or dislocation or fracture?

A

NO!

271
Q

After ensuring their are no contraindications to AROM or PROM exist, the therapist must take care of ROM as precautions. Name a few

A

its painful, inflammation, patient is taking meds, osteoporosis, hyper mobile joint, hemophilia, hematoma, injury that affected soft tissue, recently healed fracture, prolonged immobilization of a part.

272
Q

What phenomenon causes a temporary or permeant loss of strength due to excessively rigorous activity or exercise relative to the patients condition?

A

OVER WORK

273
Q

What are some signs of fatigue?

A

tiredness, pain, muscular spasm, a slow response to contraction, tremor, and decreased ability to perform AROM

274
Q

Hip flexion ROM is limited by the length of which muscle when the knee joint is held in extension?

A

hamstring muscles

275
Q

PT is performing AROM assesment where strenuous & resisted movement could aggravate or worsen certain patient conditions. Please give a few examples.

A

neurosurgery, surgery on the abdomen, intervertebral disc pathology, herniation of a disk, cardiovascular problems (arrhythmias, aneurysm, recent embolus, obesity, MI’s, hypertension, etc.), cerebrovascular disorders

276
Q

Patients should avoid which maneuver during the strength testing procedure?

A

valsalva maneuver

277
Q

Fatigue maybe detrimental to or exacerbate patients with these types of pathologies (name a few)

A

extreme debility, malnutrition, malignancy, COPD, cardiovascular disease, MS, polio-myelitis, post polio myelitis syndrome, myasthenia gravis, lower motor neuron disease, intermittent claudication

278
Q

While reaching back to stretch your shoulder you try to meet both hands in the middle. Shoulder A reaches down while shoulder B reaches up. Please describe the osteokinematic motions involved in shoulder A.

A

scapular abduction & lateral (upward rotation), shoulder elevation & external rotation, elbow flexion, forearm supination, wrist radial deviation and finger extension.

279
Q

While reaching back to stretch your shoulder you try to meet both hands in the middle. Shoulder A reaches down while shoulder B reaches up. Please describe the osteokinematic motions involved in shoulder B

A

scapular adduction & medial (downward) rotation, shoulder extension & lateral rotation, elbow flexion, forearm pronation, wrist radial deviation, and finger extension

280
Q

It is important to take AROM assesments on the affected joints and what other joints?

A

joints immediately proximal and distal to the affected joint(s), also test the unaffected side

281
Q

If the pt presents with full PROM & muscle weakness how could you eliminate gravity to see if that increases AROM?

A

Vertical plane is working against gravity. To eliminated or decrease gravity have the pt perform the exercise in a horizontal plane (transverse)

282
Q

How would you remove gravity example of an exercise were gravity has been removed

A

in the supine position hip abduction is a gravity-eliminated motion so that muscle which performs hip abduction (gluteus medius) is neither helped nor resisted by gravity

283
Q

If the pt presents with full PROM & muscle weakness how could you eliminate gravity to see if that increases AROM?

A

Vertical plane is working against gravity. To eliminated or decrease gravity have the pt perform the exercise in a horizontal plane (transverse) This usually means side lying on the plinth

284
Q

How could you position a patient so that during hip abduction gravity was eliminated?

A

in the supine position hip abduction is a gravity-eliminated motion so that muscle which performs hip abduction (gluteus medius) is neither helped nor resisted by gravity

285
Q

In what order do you perform PROM, muscle strength, and AROM?

A

1) AROM-y? b/c you want to visually see the range, any signs of discomfort, etc. 2)PROM- you want to see how far YOU can move them 3) muscle strength- is it muscular weakness causing the lack of ROM?

286
Q

What type of information does PROM provide?

A

amount of movement possible in the joint, factors limiting movement, movements that cause pain

287
Q

Why is PROM slightly greater than AROM?

A

b/c the slight elastic stretch of tissues & decreased bulk of relaxed muscles

288
Q

What type of information does PROM provide?

A

amount of movement possible in the joint, factors limiting movement, movements that cause pain, quality of movement, end feel, capsular vs. non capsular pattern

289
Q

What part do you stabilize and what part do you when assessing PROM at a joint?

A

stabilize the proximal joint segment(s) and move the distal joint segment(s) through full PROM

290
Q

What about the joint determines the direction & magnitude of its PROM?

A

anatomical structure : stretching of soft tissues, ligaments of the joint capsule, apposition of soft tissues, bone contacting bone

291
Q

According to clarkson the end feel can be either normal aka? or abnormal aka?

A

normal= physiological or abnormal = pathological

292
Q

How do you separate end feels when documenting multiple for one joint?

A

/ ex: soft/firm/hard

293
Q

What is the difference between capsular pattern and non capsular pattern?

A

capsular pattern refers to joints that are controlled by muscles while non capsular pattern refers to structures within the joint

294
Q

What is the difference between capsular pattern and non capsular pattern?

A

(both are patterns of joint movement restriction) capsular pattern refers to joints that are controlled by muscles while non capsular pattern refers to structures within the joint

295
Q

True or false. All joints reflect the same capsular pattern

A

False, each joint differs(is unique): shoulder joint pattern differsthan the hip joint. But each joint is similar between people. My hip your hip.

296
Q

Joints that rely primarily on ligaments for their stability express which type of pattern? capsular or non capsular?

A

non capsular pattern

297
Q

If there are ligamentous sprains or adhesions, internal derangement, or extra articular lesions which type of capsular pattern is present?

A

noncapsular pattern

298
Q

Involuntary muscle spasms that restrict joint motion would be which pattern restriction?

A

capsular pattern

299
Q

What are some examples of extra-articular lesions that could affect non capsular structures?

A

muscle adhesions, muscle spasms, muscle strains, hematomas, cysts

300
Q

This is an apparatus used to measure joint angles

A

goniometer

301
Q

The temporomandibular joints (TMJs) are performed using what measurement tool?

A

ruler or calipers

302
Q

What is validity?

A

The degree to which an instrument measures what it is suppose to measure (indicates accuracy of a measurement)

303
Q

How do you establish validity?

A

Measures of the instrument being assessed are compared to the measures obtained with an instrument that is an accepted standard

304
Q

What is reliability?

A

the extent to which the instrument yields the same measurement on repeated uses either by the same operator or different operators

305
Q

This type of measurement tool is a 180 or 360 degree protractor with one axis that joins two arms

A

universal goniometer

306
Q

What assessment tool is considered the most accurate means of assessing joint motion?

A

radiographs

307
Q

Which is better intratester reliability or inter tester reliability?

A

Intratester= same therapist performing the measurement

308
Q

Why must you assess & record the ROM of the uninvolved limb?

A

To determine the patient’s normal ROM & normal end feels

309
Q

When assessing and measuring AROM & PROM it is important to ensure that only the desired movement occurs at the joint being tested. What is the name of movements that help increase the ROM of a joint that aren’t produced naturally?

A

Substitute movements

310
Q

To eliminate substitute movements, the pta must?

A

properly position the patient, stabilize the proximal joint segment, practice measuring & assessing AROM & PROM, explain & instruct the patient regarding the movement

311
Q

How might a pta stabilize the proximal joint segment?

A

manually ssing the pta’s weight to stabilize , using a belt or sandbags

312
Q

Where should the pta stabilize when assessing hip extension with the patient prone on a plinth?

A

pta would apply external pressure to stabilize the pelvis (prevent it from lifting off the plinth)

313
Q

When assessing ankle joint dorsiflexion and planter flexion which bones must be stabilized?

A

the tibia & fibula

314
Q

According to clarkson is it necessary to measure the joint ROM when the involved joint has full AROM and PROM?

A

it is not necessary : Record it as full, normal (N), or within normal limits (WNL)

315
Q

All joints must be measured from what type of defined position?

A

zero position, either anatomical position or a position specified as zero

316
Q

What is the preferred placement of the Goniometer when measuring joint ROM

A

lateral to the joint, just off the surface of the limb; but it also may be placed over the joint using only light contact between the goniometer and the skin

317
Q

What is used to represent the axis of motion when measuring the ROM of the joint

A

A specific bony prominence or anatomical landmark

318
Q

The part of the goniometer that normally lies parallel to the longitudinal axis of the fixed proximal joint segment and / or points toward a distant bony prominence on the proximal segment is called

A

Stationary Arm

319
Q

What part of the goniometer normally lies parallel to the longitudinal axis of the moving distal joint segment and/or points toward a distant bony prominence on the distal segment is called

A

Movable Arm

320
Q

How is AROM measured with the Goniometer?

A

The patient moves actively through the full AROM and the PT either moves the movable arm of the goniometer along with the limb through the entire range of movement to the end of the AROM, or realign the goniometer at the end of the AROM

321
Q

Describe the two techniques for measuring PROM with the goniometer

A

1) Have the Pt actively move through the joint ROM, and align the goniometer at the end of the AROM. Have the Pt relax & passively move the goniometer & the limb segment through the final degrees of the PROM
2) Passively move the movable arm of the goniometer & the limb segment through the entire range of movement to the end of the PROM

322
Q

What is the type of goniometer has a compass inclinometer and consists of a fluid-filled rotatable container mounted on a plate

A

The OB “Myrin” Goniometer

323
Q

List some advantages of using the OB Goniometer

A

1) It is not necessary to align the inclinometer w/ the joint axis, 2) Rotational movements are measured with ease, 3) Assessment of the trunk & neck ROM is measured with ease, and 4) PROM is more easily assessed

324
Q

List some disadvantages of using the OB Goniometer

A

1) Expensive & bulky compared to universal goniometer, 2) It cannot be used on small joints of hand / foot, and 3) Magnetic fields other than those on earth will cause the compass needle to deviate & must be avoided

325
Q

List some sources of error when measuring joint ROM

A

1) Reading the wrong side of the scale on the goniometer, 2) tendency to read values that end in a particular digit (i.e. “_0 degrees”), 3) Having expectations of what the reading should be and allowing it to influence results, 4) a change in the Pt’s motivation to perform, 5) taking successive ROM measurements at different times a day, and 6) Measurement procedure error (make sure ROM measurements are reliable)

326
Q

List items that will give reliable ROM measurements

A

1) The same therapist should assess the ROM, 2) assess the ROM at the same time each day, 3) Use the same measuring tool, 4) Use the same Pt position, 5) Follow a standard measurement protocol, and 6) Assess ROM in a consistent manner relative to the application of treatment techniques

327
Q

List the standard information that should be recorded on a ROM recording form

A

1) Pt’s name, 2) Date of birth or age, 3) Diagnosis, 4) Date of examination, 4) Assessing PT’s name, signature, & credentials, and 5) Type of ROM being recorded, AROM or PROM

328
Q

Every space on the ROM recording form should include an entry. If a measurement is not performed, what should be entered in the line item for the measurement?

A

Not tested or NT

329
Q

Pertaining to documentation, how should the information be recorded if the AROM or PROM are full

A

as Full, normal (N), within normal limits (WNL), or numerically

330
Q

If the ROM is less than or greater than the normal ROM, how is the existing ROM indicated

A

on a pictorial chart or the number of degrees of motion is recorded on a numerical chart

331
Q

What does “SFTR” stand for in the SFTR method of recording joint ROM

A

Planes of motion: S - Sagittal plane; F - Frontal plane; T - Transverse plane
R - rotational motions

332
Q

Briefly describe the SFTR method of recording joint ROM

A

The letter representing the plane of motion being assessed is written followed by three numbers, the starting position is recorded as the middle number, and the ROM present on either side of the starting position is recorded before and after the start position (i.e. motion occurring in the sagittal plane is extension / flexion, the number to the left of starting position is extension and the number to the right is flexion - shoulder left S: 60-0-180 degrees; right S:60-0-80 degrees)

Motion in the Frontal (F) Plane is abduction (number to the left of start postion)/ adduction (number to right)

Motion in the Tranverse (T) plane is horizontal abduction & horizontal adduction and retraction / protraction. The number on the left indicates H. abduction / retraction and the number on the right indicates H adduction / protraction

R represents rotational motion. The number on the left represents ext. rotation, forearm supination, or spinal rotation to the left, and the number on the right represents int. rotation, forearm pronation, and spinal rotation to the right.

333
Q

When assessing & measuring joint ROM with two- or multi-joint muscle in the same region, the PT should do what?

A

Move the nontest joint crossed by the muscle into position so that the two-joint or multi-joint muscle is placed on slack (i.e. when the hip is flexed to asses hip flexion, the knee is also placed in knee flexion to relax the hamstring muscles in order to prevent restriction of the hip flexion ROM due to passive insufficiency of the hamstrings)

PT 105 (16 decks)

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