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Neuroscience > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what produces neurotransmitter

A

the soma (cell body)

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2
Q

what is a multipolar nueron and whats an example of one?

A

a motor neuron, one axon, lots of dendrites

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3
Q

what is a pseudounipolar neuron and whats an example of one?

A

makes two stops (has two axons) for example sensory neurons, peripheral axon carries sensory info from periphery to soma, then the central axon carries that info from the soma to the SC

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4
Q

whats a bipolar neuron and where are they found?

A

one axon and one dendrite: in the retina

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5
Q

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes ans schwann cells are all what type of cell?

A

glial cells, they are all macroglia

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6
Q

what does an astrocyte do?

A

A, B (ASTROCTYE AND BBB) froms blood brain barrier, involved in development and repair

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7
Q

what does an oligodendrocyte do?

A

OCTOPUS! makes the myelin sheath for lots of axons in the CNS

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8
Q

what does a schwann cell do?

A

HUGS TIGHT WITH ALL ITS MIGHT! myelin sheath for only ONE axon in the PNS

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9
Q

what are microglia?

A

phagocytes

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10
Q

what disease attacks Schwann cells

A

guillan barre

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11
Q

what disease attacks oligodendrites

A

MS

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12
Q

what is the charge of a resting cell membrane and what maintains it?

A

-70 mV, Na K pump

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13
Q

what is the most common exitatory neurotransmitter

A

glutamate

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14
Q

what are two common inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

GABA and glycine

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15
Q

what neurotransmitter works in the periphery?

A

acetylcholine

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16
Q

what neurotransmitters control pain?

A

substance P, endorphins, enkephalins

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17
Q

what neurotransmitter is directly related to parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia

A

Dopamine

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18
Q

what neurotransmitter works in the autonomic nervous system?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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19
Q

what does the neurotransmitter nitric oxide do?

A

regulates the vascular system

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20
Q

what does aspartate do?

A

its an excitatory amino acid…

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21
Q

what does serotonin do?

A

regulates mood
perception of pain
arousal level
supresses sensory perception

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22
Q

what does histamine do?

A

increases arousal

regulates hormones in body

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23
Q

which disease attacks ACh receptors?

A

Myasthenia gravis- attacks them and renders them useless so not enough ACh gets thru to the mm and the mm that a person uses a lot get fatigued and weak (ex. eyelid mm)

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24
Q

what area is the primary auditory cortex?

A

41

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25
Q

what area is the primary visual cortex

A

17

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26
Q

what area is the secondary visual cortex or visual association cortex?

A

18/19

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27
Q

what area is the primary sensory cortex

A

1,2,3

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28
Q

what area is Wernicke’s area

A

22

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29
Q

what area is the primary association cortex?

A

39,40

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30
Q

how many pairs of nerve exit the spinal cord?

A

31

31
Q

all cervical nn exit ______ the vert. except C8 which exits ______ the vertebrae like all the other nn do

A

above, below

32
Q

dorsal horn of SC

A

where peripheral sensory nerves end

33
Q

lateral horn of SC

A

only in T1-L2= sympathetic nervous system nerves

34
Q

ventral horn of SC

A

cell bodies of lower motor neuron cells

35
Q

dorsal column

A

sensory tracts

36
Q

lateral column

A

sensory and motor tracts

37
Q

anterior column

A

motor tracts

38
Q

where do UMN start and synapse?

A

in brain stem or cortex and synapse on LMNs

39
Q

LMNs have their cell bodies in one of two places depending on what they are, theses LMNs synapse with their cell bodies in these two places and then leave the CNS and go to carry out their function in the periphery

A

12 Cranial Nerves= cell body in the brainstem

alpha motor nerves= cell body in ventral horn of sc

40
Q

Characteristics and examples of UMN lesions

A

hyperreflexive, hypertonia: CVA, TBI, MS, PD, SCI

41
Q

characteristics and examples of LMN lesions

A

hypotonia, hypo or absent reflexes, fibrillations or fasciculations, flacid paralysis: guillan barre, crush injury, severed injury, polio,

42
Q

what is the only disease which affects both UMNs and LMNs and therefore presents with both flaciddity/weakness and spasticity?

A

ALS

43
Q

what happens in a simple reflex

A

1) stretch stimulus triggers a 1A afferent mm spindle which synapses on an a-motor neuron and an interneuron
2) the a-motor neuron activates the agonist to contract and the interneuron inhibits the antagonist
3) finally the reticulospinal input form the CNS activates the antagonist and brings the motion back to neutral

44
Q

3 parts that make up the “brain stem”

A

pons, midbrain, medulla

45
Q

what does the brainstem do

A

contains sensory, motor and autonomic neurons. Takes care of automatic bodily functions.

46
Q

what does the reticular formation do?

A

adjusts general activity level of the nervous system
integrates sensory and cortical information
regulates somatic motor info and autonomic functions
regulates consciousness
modulates nociceptive info

47
Q

Major nuclei of the reticular formation:

A

ventral tegmental
pedunculopontine
raphae
locus cerulus/medial reticular area

48
Q

what does the ventral tegmental nuclei do?

A

produces dopamine
meth and cocaine addiction
decision making

49
Q

what does the pedunculopontine nucleus do?

A

produces ACh
movement
works with thalamus and vestibular and reticular nuclei to influence movement

50
Q

what does the raphae nucleus do?

A

produces seretonin
works with the cerebrum to affect mood
inhibits pain transmission

51
Q

what does the locus cereleus and medial reticular areas do?

A

produces norepinephrine
regulates attention
regulates autonomic functions (med. retic. area)

52
Q

what does medulla do?

A

(control center for sustaining life processes) swallowing, coordinate head and eye movement, controls cadiovascular activity, respiratory activity, viscera

53
Q

anterior medulla

A

CN 9-12, pyramid where corticospinal tract crosses, olives

54
Q

posterior medulla

A

inferior cerebellar pedunce, central aqueduct opens into 4th ventricle

55
Q

basilar midbrain

A

anterior!- motor control: motor nuclei and descending motor neurons

56
Q

tegmentum of midbrain

A

posterior!- CN cnulei, med. longitudinal fasciculus (coordinates head and eye movement) reticular formaion (awareness and arousal), sensory nuclei and ascending sensory tracts

57
Q

tectum of midbrain

A

pretectal area, sup/inf colliculus (reflexive eye control and head movement)

58
Q

basilar pons

A

anterior!- motor nuclei, descending motor tracts

59
Q

tegmentum of pons

A

posterior!- CN nuclei, med. longitudinal fasciculus (coordinates head and eye movement) reticular formaion (awareness and arousal), sensory nuclei and ascending sensory tracts

60
Q

basilar medulla

A

anterior!- motor nuclei and desc. motor tracts

61
Q

tegmentum medulla

A

posterior!- CN nuclei, med. longitudinal fasciculus (coordinates head and eye movement) reticular formaion (awareness and arousal), sensory nuclei and ascending sensory tracts

62
Q

brain stem disorders are a mix of what kinds of symptoms?

A

UMN and LMN also, ipsilateral and contralateral

63
Q

if a pt exhibits the 4 D’s what are they and where might their damage be?

A

dysphagia, dysarthria, diploplia and dysmetria (death) –>damage most likely in brainstem

64
Q

what is alternating hemiplegia

A

stroke at CN III (oculomotor) VI (abducens) or XII (hypoglossal) .

65
Q

S&S of alternating hemiplegia

A

flaccid paralysis on same side of face (opposite side still has ipsilateral intervention), damage to nearby corticospinal tract (fine motor), and opposite side of biody is spasmodic and hyperreflexive

66
Q

what does the medulla do? (haha medullado)

A

HR, RR, vasodilation/constriction, all via efferent NN and Vagus N

67
Q

what does the pons do?

A

respiration

68
Q

what does the hypothalamus do?

A

modulates brainstem autonomic regulation: oversees homeostasis and ANS, cardioresp, digestion, water reabsorption, metabolics via the pituitary gland, gets olfaction signals and some visual info directly

69
Q

what does the thalamus do?

A

also modulates brainstem auto regulations: sends visceral info to limbic system…

70
Q

what does the limbic system do?

A

emotion, memory, motor/autonomic output via emotion

71
Q

what makes up the limbic system?

A

hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, limbic cortex

72
Q

what does they amygdala do?

A

fear

73
Q

what does the hippocampus do?

A

memory

Neuroscience (12 decks)

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