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Neuroscience > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what area issues the first “go signal”?

A

primary motor cortex

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2
Q

S1

A

primary somatosensory cortex, there is an object…

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3
Q

area 5/7

A

secondary somatosensory cortex, notices characteristics of objects…

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4
Q

M1

A

a.k.a. broadman’s area 4= Go signal! precentral gyrus, primary motor cortex

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5
Q

SMA/ PCA

A

premotor area, area 6, planning to produce a movement, the idea for a movement then gets sent to M1 for the go signal…

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6
Q

what artery feeds areas 6, 4

A

MCA

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7
Q

what does M1 do specifically?

A

controls joint motions, multiple mm groups

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8
Q

how does M1 control joint motions?

A

bc the corticospinal axons diverge to innervate mult. mm groups simultaneously

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9
Q

somatotopical organization of M1

A

most devoted to face, hands, fingers, tongue, then swallowing, trunk control, and LEs

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10
Q

premotor cortex–> Ventral

A

PMCv- hands and digits, think monkeys and hand motions

active when doing it and when watching someone do it

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11
Q

premotor cortex–> Dorsal

A

PMCd- proximal mm , fires during the delay between the cue and the action, externally driven motions

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12
Q

what area of the premotor cortex fires to allow ur hand to form to the correct shape when picking up an object?

A

ventral

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13
Q

what area of the premotor cortex fires when the light turns red and u need to step on the break?

A

dorsal

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14
Q

where dos the SMA (supplemental motor area) project to?

A

M1 and the SC

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15
Q

how is the SMA driven?

A

internally driven

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16
Q

what area does externally driven motions?

A

dorsal premotor cortex

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17
Q

the SMA prepares movement from _________

A

memory

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18
Q

the SMA coordinates movements on ________ side of the body

A

both (bilateral motions)

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19
Q

what does the frontal cortex do?

A

working memory, spatial relationship, goals

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20
Q

where do the neurons for the corticospinal pathway origninate?

A

M1 (50%), PMC(30%), and S1

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21
Q

what does the lateral corticospinal tract do?

A

voluntary fine motor

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22
Q

what does the ventral corticospinal tract do?

A

neck and trunk movements

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23
Q

which output pathway is responsible for the individual movement of all the digits?

A

corticospinal pathway

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24
Q

what output pathway controls the 8 CNs that innervates sk. mm

A

corticobulbar pathway

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25
Q

output from the cortex goes thru what first?

A

the internal capsule–>damage here is BAD!!!!

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26
Q

what pathway starts in the superior colliculus, crosses midline and terminates in the medial part of the ventral horn in the cervical spine and what does it do?

A

tectospinal- reflexively turns the head

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27
Q

what pathway controls the head and back mm to stabilize the head for correct posture

A

vestibulospinal tract
medial= projects bilaterally
lateral= projects ipsilaterally

28
Q

what pathway originates in the medial reticular formation of the pontine and projects ipsilaterally to all levels in order to facilitate posture and limb extension mm?

A

medial reticulospinal pathway

29
Q

what pathway origninates in the lateral reticular formation of the medulla and descends bilaterally to all levels to facilitate flexor mm and inhibit extensor mm

A

lateral reticulospinal pathway (isabella’s worked too well)

30
Q

descending paths in general

A 
lateral= goal directed limb movements
medial= postural control
31
Q

define synergy patterns

A

pt unable to isolate joints in limb movemen

32
Q

UE flexion synergy

A 
scap retraction/elevation
shoulder abduction, ER
elbow flexion
forearm supination
wrist and finger flexion
33
Q

UE extension synergy

A 
scapular protraction
shoulder adduction, IR
elbow extension
forearm pronation
wrist and finger flexion
34
Q

LE flexion synergy

A

hip flexion, abduction, ER
knee flexion
ankle dorsiflexion, Inversion
toe extension/DF

35
Q

LE extension synergy

A

hip extension, adduction, IR
Knee extension
ankle PF, Inversion
toes pointed

36
Q

what pathway controls the withdrawl reflex

A

spinothalamic, sends pain signal to dorsal column in SC which goes up and synapses on the Alpha MN in the ventral horn to pick up leg, also connects to the alpha motor neurons in the opposite limb to maintain balance while opp. leg is withdrawing.

37
Q

how does the CPG work?

A

higher brain centers initiate the action and then the CPGs take over to keep it going

38
Q

what are fasciculations?

A

mm twitches under the skin that u can see with ur eyes

39
Q

what are fibrillations?

A

mm twitches u can only see with an electroscope

40
Q

5 nuclei of the basal ganglia

A

caudate-cortex information
putamen- motor
globus pallidus- inhibition of accessory movements
substantia nigra- modulates amount and type of output sent to GP (PD)
subthalamic nuclei- modulates output from basal ganglia if damaged= large rhythmic, explosive mvmts. (ballism, chorea)

41
Q

diff. diagnose between chorea and PD

A 
chorea= increased facilitation 
PD= decreased inhibition
42
Q

the direct motor pathway__________ movement

A

facilitates

43
Q

the indirect motor pathway __________ movement

A

inhibits

44
Q

go through the straito-pallido thalamic loop

A

PMA–>caudate and putamen–>GP–>VA/VL of thalamus–>PMA–>M1

45
Q

What part of the BG does prefrontal cortex, parietal lobe and frontal eye fields project to?

A

caudate

46
Q

what part of the BG do the sensorimotor areas (M1, SMA, PMC, S1) go to?

A

putamen

47
Q

what area of the BG does the limbic area project to?

A

putamen

48
Q

what does the dorsolateral prefrontal circuit do?

A

executive fxn

49
Q

what does the lateral orbitofrontal ciruit do

A

empathy and socially appropriate responses

50
Q

what disorders arise from probs in the lateral orbitofrontal circuit

A

OCD, schizophrenia

51
Q

what does the anterior cingulate circuit do?

A

motivation, procedural learning, declarative memory

52
Q

increased inhibition of thalamus by basal ganglia= ?

A

reduced excitation of the motor cortex which= hypokinesia.

53
Q

what causes increased inhibition of thalamus by basal ganglia to result in hypokinesia?

A

putamen can’t be activated secondary to loss of dopamine input from the substantia nigra OR… when there is damage to the putament or GP from a head trauma (parkinsonism)

54
Q

what happens when there is decreased inhibition of the thalamus by the BG?

A

increased excitation of the motor cortex= hyperkinesia

55
Q

when does decreased inhibition of the thalamus occur?

A

when there is loss of connection between the BG and the sub. thalamic nuc. (ballism) OR… when there is underactivity of indirect pathways—underactive inhibitors

56
Q

what is the diagnosis when there is loss of excitation from the subthalamic nucleus so the VL of the thalamus doesn’t get inhibited enough so its free to just keep stimulating and stimulating away and therefore creates lots of excess motion

A

ballism

57
Q

in hemi-ballism, the symptoms are_________ as the side of the BG thats damaged?

A

ipsilateral

58
Q

what is the diagnosis when the striatal neurons (caudate and putamen) that give rise to indirect pathways are lost

A

huntingtons

59
Q

what is defined as loss of excitatory stimulation from the STN–>less inhibition going to the thalamus–>thalamus is uninhibited and just keeps stimulating and stimulating the cortex and produces excessive movements.

A

Chorea

60
Q

What is dystonia

A

sustained mm contraction, defect in the descending pathways involved with reciprocal inhibition of motor neurons, so u get a contraction of the agonist and the antagonist at the same time: also occurs from a chem. dysfucntion in the BG .

61
Q

what is bleopharospasm

A

blinking

62
Q

what is cervical dystonia

A

spasmodic torticollis

63
Q

oromandibular

A

face and jaw mm, grimacing

64
Q

dysphonia

A

affects speech mm

65
Q

writer’s cramp

A

hand and forearm spasms

Neuroscience (12 decks)

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