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Human Neuro > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Neuropsychology

A
  • scientific study of the relations btwn (changes of) brain function and behavior
  • intervention and treatment
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2
Q

What 2 early doctrines emerged to explain brain functioning?

A
  • vitalism
  • materialism
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3
Q

Vitalism

A
  • suggests many behaviors are partly controlled by mechanical or logical forces
  • also partially self determined
  • spiritual and mechanical
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4
Q

Who was a major proponent of vitalism?

A

Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalyses

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5
Q

Materialism

A

favors a mechanistic view of the brain (as a machine)

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6
Q

Who was a major proponent of materialism?

A

Walter Freeman and his lobotomies

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7
Q

Hippocrates

A
  • founder of modern medicine
  • believed the brain controlled all senses and movement
  • recognized that if r side of brain was damaged, the L side of body was affected and vice versa
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8
Q

Plato

A
  • believed the soul had 3 parts - appetite, reason (located in brain) and temper
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9
Q

Aristotle

A
  • believed the heart to be the source of all mental processes
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10
Q

Cell Doctrine

A
  • ventricular cavities w/n the brain control mental abilities and movement
  • Alexandrian period
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11
Q

Phrenology

A
  • beginning of localization theory
  • brain consists of number of separate organs, each responsible for a basic psychological trait
  • size of the organ = more skill in that area
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12
Q

Who proposed phrenology?

A

Franz Gall

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13
Q

Who were the two individuals that proposed evidence for localization?

A

Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke

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14
Q

Paul Broca

A
  • motor speech was localized in the post., inf. region of the L frontal lobe
  • case study of “Tan” - could understand but not produce speech
  • Broca’s area
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15
Q

Carl Wernicke

A
  • understanding of speech was localize in the sup., post., temporal lobe
  • case study of pt who could produce speech but not understand it
  • Wernicke’s area
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16
Q

Pierre Florens

A
  • developed ablation experiments, did them on birds at first
  • found that more extensive damage = more complications
  • found that other tissues can take over function
  • equipotentiality theory
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17
Q

Equipotentiality

A
  • mental abilities depend on the brain functioning as a whole
  • found that other tissues can take over function
  • intro to idea of neuroplasticity
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18
Q

Computed Transaxial Tomography

A
  • 3D perspective of the brain w/ acceptable diff. of brain structures
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19
Q

Angiography

A
  • Technique that uses dye to visualize blood vessels
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20
Q

Electrophysiologic Procedures (EEG)

A
  • recording of the electrical activity of nerve cells
  • helps w/ diagnosis of: seizure and sleep disorders, level of coma presence of brain death
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21
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A
  • tracks blood flow associated w/ brain activity
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22
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A
  • can provide detailed images of brain structures
  • more detailed than PET scan
  • can diff. white and gray matter
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23
Q

fMRI

A
  • functional MRI
  • provide image of oxygen usage in the brain (active neurons use O2)
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24
Q

What are the four common features of neurons? What is the function?

A
  • cell body
  • dendrites
  • axon
  • terminal synaptic buttons
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25
Q

Cell body of neuron

A

metabolic center, protein synthesis, DNA located in nucleus

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26
Q

Dendrites

A

receive info from other cells

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27
Q

Axon

A
  • info/AP is conducted down this to other neurons, muscles or glands
  • surrounded by myelin sheaths
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28
Q

Terminal synaptic buttons

A
  • chemical communication w/ other neurons
  • main proponent in the release of neurotransmitters
  • contain vesicles w/ NTs
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29
Q

Myelin sheath

A

covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed of impulses

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30
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps btwn myelin

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31
Q

Microglia

A
  • glial cell in CNS
  • phagocytic, clean/metabolize debris and dead cells
  • increase in number when brain is injured
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32
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • glial cell in CNS
  • feet form BBB, provide nutrient (glucose) and structural support, also phagocytic
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33
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • glial cell in CNS
  • form myelin sheaths
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34
Q

Schwann cells

A
  • glial cell in the PNS
  • form myelin sheaths
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35
Q

Resting membrane potential

A
  • -70 mV
  • caused by electrical imbalance btwn inner and outer surface of membrane
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36
Q

What ions maintain resting membrane potential?

A
  • Na+ - outside of membrane, always excitatory
  • Cl- - outside of membrane, always inhibitory
  • K+ - inside of membrane, always inhibitory
  • negatively charged proteins
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37
Q

Action potential

A
  • electrical potential across neuron membrane that raises potential to threshold (-55mV)
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38
Q

What do action potentials result in?

A
  • selectively permeable membrane to ions
  • active transport of Na+ and K+
  • voltage gated Na+ channels open, letting Na+ go into cell, triggers opening of K+ channels, which moves K+ out of the cell
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39
Q

Where do neurons communicate?

A

at the synapse
- NTs are released

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40
Q

What occurs when neurons communicate?

A
  • rupture of vesicles that release NTs into the synaptic cleft
  • NT binds to binding site and causes the pore to open on the postsynaptic cell
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41
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • motor control, autonomic nervous system (parasym), memory, sleep/wake
  • located at neuromuscular junction
42
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • mood!, hormones, arousal, attention, and eating
43
Q

Serotonin

A
  • sleep/wake cycle, appetite, mood!
44
Q

Dopamine

A
  • motor behavior!, pleasure/reward!, cognition
45
Q

Glutamate

A
  • major excitatory NT in the brain
  • more likely to cause APs, depol. the cell
46
Q

GABA

A
  • major inhibitory NT in the brain
  • more likely to inhibit APs, repol. the cell
47
Q

What protects the brain?

A
  • Skull - uneven thickness and bony projections to hold brain in place
  • Meninges - Dura mater (tough), Arachnoid membrane (subarachnoid space contains CSF and blood), Pia mater (directly on brain, meningitis occurs here)
48
Q

Ventricular system

A
  • produces and houses CSF, provides buoyancy and cushioning to brain, and allows for disposal of waste
  • blockage results in buildup of pressure
  • R lat., L lat., third and fourth
49
Q

Circle of Willis

A
  • communicating arteries provide blood btwn front and back of brain
  • provides protection in that if carotids are tied off, blood flow is not completely blocked in brain
  • middle cerebral artery supplies blood to motor areas
50
Q

What is the brainstem composed of?

A
  • pons - arousal/sleep/wake
  • medulla - BP, respirations, HR
51
Q

What is the reticular activating system?

A
  • pons and medulla functioning together
  • imp. for selective attention
  • overactivation results in sensory deprivation
  • damage could result in coma
52
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • works closely w/ pituitary gland
  • release of hormones, metabolic function, homeostasis, body temp
  • stimulates adrenal gland during stress response
53
Q

Thalamus

A
  • all sensory info other than smell is processed here then sent to designated lobe
54
Q

Basal Ganglia

A
  • higher motor function (initiating and planning movements)!!
  • cognition and mental flexibility controlled by caudate nucleus
  • communicated w/ the cerebellum and red nucleus
55
Q

Limbic System

A
  • motivation and emotional regulation
  • amygdala - fear, emotional memory/conditioning
  • hippocampus - learning and (spatial) memory, spatial navigation
56
Q

Corpus Callosum

A
  • large bundle of fibers that allows simultaneous communication btwn R and L hemispheres
  • anterior commissure and hippocampal commissure also contribute to function
57
Q

Cerebellum

A

balance and coordination

58
Q

What are the goals of a neuropsychological assessment?

A
  • diagnose presence of cortical damage (assess cog. function) and localize it
  • facilitate pt care
  • ID mild disturbances (microscopic damage)
  • ID unusual brain organization
  • ID cause of disorders
  • Rehab
  • Help pt and family understand their disorder
59
Q

Psychometrics

A
  • Science of measuring human traits or abilities.
  • standardization of psychological and neuropsychological tests
  • neuropsychometrics are sensitive to behavior
60
Q

Reliability

A
  • stability or dependability of a test score
  • test results can be reliable but not valid
61
Q

Validity

A

whether or not the test is measuring what it is supposed to measure

62
Q

Why is it important that neuropsychological tests be reliable and valid? ​

A

so that pts are not misdiagnosed

63
Q

False Positive

A

test erroneously indicates a condition

64
Q

What types of test are most commonly used by psychologists?

A
  • achievement - how the ind. has profited from learning and experience (exams)
  • aptitude - future functioning (GRE, MCAT)
  • behavioral/adaptive - what the pt. habitually does (day to day tasks)
  • intelligence - IQ score, working mem., learning, verbal and nonverbal
  • neuropsychological - sensitive to all changes in brain
  • personality - diff personality traits, i.e. introvert vs. extrovert (MMPI)
  • vocational - opinions and attitudes regarding diff. areas like professions
65
Q

Fixed battery

A
  • comprehensive and fixed set of tests
  • EX: Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery
66
Q

What are the pros and cons of a fixed battery?

A

Cons
- time-consuming, all tests must be conducted
- neuropsychologist may not have seen pt. if tests are given by a tech
- something could be missed, tests cannot be altered to assess all concerns

Pros
- patients are easy to compare and assess b/c tests are standardized

67
Q

Flexible battery

A
  • selection and administration of an array of tests based on pt’s presenting complaints
68
Q

What are the pros and cons of a flexible battery?

A

Cons
- patients cannot be easily compared
- possible bias could cause neuropsych. to miss a test
- no longer standardized

Pros
- tests can be changed/altered to fit concerns
- neuropsych. selects tests, giving the ability to hone in on specific traits

69
Q

Orientation/Arousal

A
  • pt’s basic awareness of themselves to the world around them
  • assessment involves eval. of orientation in terms of place, person and time (What’s the date? What’s your address? What’s your name)
70
Q

What is the standardized test for orientation?

A
  • Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT)
    • assess extent and duration of confusion and amnesia after TBI
    • 0-100, 75 or better indicates normal functioning
71
Q

Sensation and perception

A
  • assess pt.’s visual, auditory, and tactile functional levels
  • can be done by optometrist or audiologist
72
Q

What are the common tests for sensation and perception?

A
  • Halsteid-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery - standardized
  • includes a sensory-perceptual examination like tactile testing (feeling and ID objs) - nonstandardized
73
Q

Attention and Concentration

A
  • sustained attention - paying attention to something over prolonged period of time
  • selective attention - paying attention to more than one thing at a time
74
Q

What are the common tests for attention and concentration?

A
  • Symbol digit modalities test (SDMIT) - #s and symbols, must match each
  • d2 test - visual cancellation test
  • nonstandardized - digit span test (repeat numbers in instructed order), say the alphabet backwards
75
Q

Motor Skills

A
  • assess of pt.’s motor control in the upper and lower extremities
  • measuring simple and complex motor skills
76
Q

What is the common test for motor skills?

A
  • standardized - finger-tapping speed from the Halsteid-Reitan and grip strength
  • nonstandardized - follow motor commands
77
Q

Verbal Functions/Language

A
  • assess simple spoken language as well as more complicated areas like:
    • word repetition
    • naming
    • word production
78
Q

What is the common test for verbal functions/language?

A
  • standardized - the Controlled Oral Word Association (COWA) - name as many words you can starting w/ a specific letter
  • standardized - Token test - point and touch diff. colored tokens
  • nonstandardized - define words, generating sentences using a specific word
79
Q

Visuospatial Organization

A
  • assess diff. areas of processing such as spatial orientation, facial recognition, and visual sequencing
80
Q

What is the common test for visuospatial organization?

A
  • standardized - The Bender Gestalt test - copy geometric shapes, graded on accuracy
  • standardized - The Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test - copy abstract shapes, graded on accuracy
  • nonstandardized - draw the face of a clock at a certain time, recognition of facial expressions
81
Q

Memory

A
  • immediate and delayed memory (verbal and visual formats)
82
Q

What is the common test for memory?

A
  • standardized - Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) - measures verbal and nonverbal mem
  • nonstandardized - repeat a story, recall ability of specific words
83
Q

Judgement/Problem Solving

A
  • abstract reasoning/insight and problem solving
84
Q

What is the common test for judgement/problem solving?

A
  • standardized - Trail Making Test B, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Tower of London-Drexel University
  • nonstandardized - what-if situations
85
Q

What is the most common test for frontal lobe damage?

A
  • Wisconsin Card Sorting Test - sort cards depending on an unknown set of rules, pt. has to learn rules through trial and error
  • shifting of strategies
86
Q

Malingering

A
  • exaggerating cognitive deficits
  • external incentives could play a role in performance (benefits, disability, lawsuits etc.)
  • neuropsych are trained specifically to detect this
87
Q

Language

A
  • L hemi dominant
  • R hemi plays a role in appreciation of irony and metaphors
  • PET scan studies proved this
88
Q

Visuospatial ability

A
  • R hemi dominant
  • mental rotation
  • perception and recognition of faces (fusiform face area)
  • direction and distance
89
Q

Men are more skilled at?

A
  • better spatial abilities
  • more skilled at mental rotation of objs and spatial navigation
90
Q

Attention

A
  • Focal and divided attention = L hemi
  • Global and sustained = R hemi
91
Q

Mathematical ability

A
  • writing and reading numbers = L hemi
  • calculations and mental math = R hemi
92
Q

Perception of music

A
  • Melody = R hemi
  • Lyrics = L hemi
93
Q

Women are more skilled at?

A
  • better language abilities
  • superior on verbal fluency, verbal memory, and object location
94
Q

Handedness

A
  • degree to which an individual preferentially uses one hand
  • 96% R handed people are L hemi dominant for language
  • 70% L handed people are L hemi dominant for language, the other 30% use both hemis for language which causes deficiency in visuospatial tasks
95
Q

Commissurotomy

A
  • surgical procedure that severs the corpus callosum so seizures do not spread to other regions
  • causes disconnection syndrome
96
Q

Disconnection Syndrome

A
  • two hemispheres can no longer communicate, act independently
  • split brains - sensory information is only sent into one hemi, joe from video an EX
97
Q

Objects shown in the left visual field are projected into the ____ hemi, which controls the ____ side of the body.

A
  • Right
  • Left
98
Q

Objects shown in the right visual field are projected into the _____ hemi, which controls the _____ side of the body.

A
  • Left
  • Right
99
Q

What are some characteristics of split-brain patients?

A
  • somatosensory effects - impaired IQ, mute, trouble following commands
  • visual effects - blindness in one eye
  • la main etrangere (the stranger hand) - L hand opposes the R
    • EX: R hand buttons a shirt, L hand unbuttons it; R hand picks out a pair of socks, L hand picks out a diff pair
100
Q

Split brain example

A
  • if a picture of a cat is shown on the R visual field, it will go to the L hemi, pt can SAY cat
  • if a picture is shown on the L visual field, it will go to the R hemi, pt cannot say cat, but can DRAW one
  • Joe from video

Human Neuro (19 decks)

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