Chapter 15 - Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Question 1

Brain may fail to develop structurally and functionally due to:

Answer 1

• genetic and chromosomal abnormalities
• environmental insults such as teratogens

Question 2

Teratogens

Answer 2

• agent that disrupts normal development of embryo and fetus
• drugs, lead exposure

Question 3

Phenylketoneuria (PKU)

Answer 3

• error in metabolism inherited from 12th gene
• cannot metabolize phenylalanine

Question 4

Symptoms of PKU

Answer 4

• mental disability
• convulsions
• behavior problems
• skin rash

Question 5

Treatment of PKU

Answer 5

• tested via pinprick to foot
• significant reduction of phenylalanine in diet (beans, nuts, dairy and some meat products), only in children as the brain is still developing

Question 6

Sickle Cell Anemia

Answer 6

• production of sickle shaped RBCs due to mutation on 11th chromosome
• can cause strokes due to clogging of vessels and fatigue

Question 7

TX of Sickle Cell Anemia

Answer 7

• blood thinners to help prevent clogging of vessels

Question 8

Turner’s Syndrome cause

Answer 8

• missing or structurally altered X on the 45th chromosome results in a lack of production of estrogen
• only found in females

Question 9

Physical symptoms of Turner’s syndrome

Answer 9

• short stature
• webbed neck
• low hairline at back of neck
• congenital swelling of hands and feet
• do not develop secondary sex characteristics

Question 9

Developmental symptoms of Turner’s syndrome

Answer 9

• low-average to average intelligence
• higher verbal abilities, nonverbal learning impacted
• visuospatial abilities impacted
• hyperactve in childhood
• hypoactive in adolescence (highschool)

Question 10

TX of Tuner’s Syndrome

Answer 10

• estrogen therapy
• growth hormone therapy
• therapy/counseling
• specialized education may be necessary

Question 11

William’s Syndrome (WS) cause

Answer 11

• mutation on chromosome 7 causes a deletion
• size of deletion determines severity of symptoms

Question 12

Physical symptoms of WS

Answer 12

• “elf-like” features - brow brow, puffy eyes, small upturned nose, wide mouth, widely spaced teeth, narrow face
• hypersensitive to sound

Question 13

Psychosocial symptoms of WS

Answer 13

• high interest in music
• highly sociable
• usually happy
• below avg intellect
• very empathetic
• struggle with math, writing, and telling time
• difficulties in higher order conceptual reasoning and problem solving

Question 14

What brain areas are affected in WS?

Answer 14

• occipital and parietal
  
  • explains trouble w/ conceptual reasoning and problem solving
  • struggle with visuospatial tasks

Question 15

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome cause

Answer 15

caused by alcohol ingestion by mother during pregnancy
- results in distinct craniofacial features and learning disabilities

Question 16

FAS craniofacial features

Answer 16

• droopy eyelids/small eye openings
• microcephaly
• widely spaced eyes
• thin upper lip
• short and flattened nose

Question 17

Psychosocial behaviors in FAS

Answer 17

• profound mental disability
• difficulty adapting and holding attention
• learning disabilities
• sleeping and eating disorders
• wetting the bed
• poor organization
• behavioral outbursts
• antisocial behavior (criminal behavior, substance abuse

Question 18

Down syndrome cause

Answer 18

• partial or extra copy of chromosome 21

Question 19

DS physical symptoms

Answer 19

• protruding tongue
• hypotonic muscles
• short, stubby fingers
• simian crease
• small head
• flat face
• small ears and nose
• broad, short neck
• protruding stomach

Question 20

Psychosocial symptoms of DS

Answer 20

• mild to moderate mental disability
• more likely to develop AZ later in life

Question 21

Klinefelter’s syndrome

Answer 21

• male receives XXY chromosomes
• more feminine features and stature
• does not affect sexual orientation
• no cog. deficits’
• could affect fertility

Question 22

Fragile X syndrome

Answer 22

• males: intellectual disability, symptoms of autism, attentional deficits
• females: social anxiety, some don’t present symptoms

Question 23

XYY syndrome

Answer 23

• males receive XYY chromosomes
• more aggressive, larger stature
• no cognitive disability