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Human Neuro > Chapter 2 - Nervous System Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Nervous System Organization Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four common features of neurons? What is the function?

A
  • cell body
  • dendrites
  • axon
  • terminal synaptic buttons
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2
Q

What is the function of neuron?

A
  • receive and conduct electrochemical signals
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3
Q

Cell body of neuron

A

metabolic center, protein synthesis, DNA located in nucleus

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4
Q

Dendrites

A

receive info from other cells

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5
Q

Axon

A
  • info/AP is conducted down this to other neurons, muscles or glands
  • surrounded by myelin sheaths
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6
Q

Terminal synaptic buttons

A
  • chemical communication w/ other neurons
  • main proponent in the release of neurotransmitters
  • contain vesicles w/ NTs
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7
Q

Myelin sheath

A

covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed of impulses

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8
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps btwn myelin

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9
Q

Microglia

A
  • glial cell in CNS
  • phagocytic, clean/metabolize debris and dead cells
  • increase in number when brain is injured
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10
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • glial cell in CNS
  • feet form BBB, provide nutrient (glucose) and structural support, also phagocytic
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11
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • glial cell in CNS
  • form myelin sheaths
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12
Q

Schwann cells

A
  • glial cell in the PNS
  • form myelin sheaths
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13
Q

Resting membrane potential

A
  • -70 mV
  • caused by electrical imbalance btwn inner and outer surface of membrane
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14
Q

What ions maintain resting membrane potential?

A
  • Na+ - outside of membrane, always excitatory
  • Cl- - outside of membrane, always inhibitory
  • K+ - inside of membrane, always inhibitory
  • negatively charged proteins
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15
Q

Action potential

A
  • electrical potential across neuron membrane that raises potential to threshold (-55mV)
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16
Q

What do action potentials result in?

A
  • selectively permeable membrane to ions
  • active transport of Na+ and K+
  • voltage gated Na+ channels open, letting Na+ go into cell, triggers opening of K+ channels, which moves K+ out of the cell
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17
Q

Channel

A
  • ions can cross the lipid belayed through the appropriately shaped channel
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18
Q

Gated channel

A
  • changes shape to allow certain substances to cross membrane
  • voltage and chemically gated
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19
Q

Pump

A
  • changes shape to carry substances across the membrane
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20
Q

Depolarization

A
  • when the membrane is getting less negative
  • typically results in reaching threshold
21
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

NO action potential can occur

22
Q

Relative refractory period

A

requires a higher depolarization in order to reach threshold

23
Q

Where do neurons communicate?

A

at the synapse
- NTs are released

24
Q

What occurs when neurons communicate?

A
  • rupture of vesicles that release NTs into the synaptic cleft
  • NT binds to binding site and causes the pore to open on the postsynaptic cell
25
Q

Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential (EPSP)

A
  • more likely to cause an AP by depolarizing the membrane
26
Q

Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential (IPSP)

A
  • repolarizes the membrane, making it less likely to cause an AP
27
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • motor control, autonomic nervous system (parasym), memory, sleep/wake
  • located at neuromuscular junction
28
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • mood!, hormones, arousal, attention, and eating
29
Q

Serotonin

A
  • sleep/wake cycle, appetite, mood!
30
Q

Dopamine

A
  • motor behavior!, pleasure/reward!, cognition
31
Q

Glutamate

A
  • major excitatory NT in the brain
  • more likely to cause APs, depol. the cell
32
Q

GABA

A
  • major inhibitory NT in the brain
  • more likely to inhibit APs, repol. the cell
33
Q

Agonist

A
  • mimics NT closely enough to activate receptor
  • EX: morphine mimics endorphines
34
Q

Antagonist

A
  • blocks NT by occupying the receptor site
  • EX: curare blocks ACh receptors
35
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A
  • mediates behavior
  • brain and spinal cord
36
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A
  • transmits sensation and produces movement
  • cranial nerves and spinal nerves
37
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • balances internal functions
  • sympathetic - fight or flight (arousing)
  • parasympathetic - rest and digest (calming)
38
Q

What protects the brain?

A
  • Skull - uneven thickness and bony projections to hold brain in place
  • Meninges - Dura mater (tough), Arachnoid membrane (subarachnoid space contains CSF and blood), Pia mater (directly on brain, meningitis occurs here)
39
Q

Ventricular system

A
  • produces and houses CSF, provides buoyancy and cushioning to brain, and allows for disposal of waste
  • blockage results in buildup of pressure
  • R lat., L lat., third and fourth
40
Q

Circle of Willis

A
  • communicating arteries provide blood btwn front and back of brain
  • provides protection in that if carotids are tied off, blood flow is not completely blocked in brain
  • middle cerebral artery supplies blood to motor areas
41
Q

What is the brainstem composed of?

A
  • pons - arousal/sleep/wake
  • medulla - BP, respirations, HR
42
Q

What is the reticular activating system?

A
  • pons and medulla functioning together
  • imp. for selective attention
  • overactivation results in sensory deprivation
  • damage could result in coma
43
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • works closely w/ pituitary gland
  • release of hormones, metabolic function, homeostasis, body temp
  • stimulates adrenal gland during stress response
44
Q

Thalamus

A
  • all sensory info other than smell is processed here then sent to designated lobe
45
Q

Basal Ganglia

A
  • higher motor function (initiating and planning movements)!!
  • cognition and mental flexibility controlled by caudate nucleus
  • communicated w/ the cerebellum and red nucleus
46
Q

Limbic System

A
  • motivation and emotional regulation
  • amygdala - fear, emotional memory/conditioning
  • hippocampus - learning and (spatial) memory, spatial navigation
47
Q

Corpus Callosum

A
  • large bundle of fibers that allows simultaneous communication btwn R and L hemispheres
  • anterior commissure and hippocampal commissure also contribute to function
48
Q

Clive Wearing

A
  • herpes caused damage to hippocampus
  • experiences amnesia and mood swings/early bouts of aggression
  • auditory hallucinations
  • 20 second bouts of memory
49
Q

Cerebellum

A

balance and coordination

Human Neuro (19 decks)

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